Operating System (Assignment)

1. In a multiprogramming and time sharing environment, several users share the system simultaneously. This situation can results in various security problems. a. What are the two such problems? Ans: The two problems in Multiprogramming and time sharing environment are Stealing or copying a user's files; Writing over another program's (belonging to another user or to the OS) area in memory; Using system resources (CPU, disk space) without proper accounting; Causing the printer to mix output by sending data while some other user's file is printing. ttp://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_main_two_problems_in_multiprogramming_environment_when_processes_are_run_concurrently_and_share_the_resources b. Can we ensure the same degree of security in a time shared machine as in a dedicated machine? Explain. Ans: No, because time-shared machines are far less secure, and are very easy to overload the buffers. Also they are much slower to catch a virus. http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Can_we_ensure_t he_same_security_in_a_time-shared_machine_as_in_a_dedicated_machine . The issue of resource utilization shows up in differenct forms in different types of operating systems. List what resources must be manged carefully in the following settings: a. Mainframe or Minicomputer systems Ans: Memory, CPU, Storage b. Workstations connected to servers Ans: Storage, Network Bandwidth c. Handheld computers Ans: Memory, CPU, Storage, Power 3. Describe the difference symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing. What are three advantages and one disadvantages of multiprocessor system? Ans:The difference between symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing is that in Symmetric processing treats all processors as equals; I/O can be processed on any of them, while Asymmetric processing designates one CPU as the master, which is the only one capable of performing I/O; the master distributes computational work among the other CPUs. Advantagesmultiprocessor system: ?Can save money, by sharing power supplies, housings, and peripherals ? Can execute programs more quickly ?Can have increased reliability Disadvantagesmultiprocessor system: More complex in both hardware and software. Additional CPU cycles are required to manage the cooperation, so per-CPU efficiency goes down. http://www. studymode. com/essays/Os-Assignment-419243. html 4. Distinguish between the client server and peer to peer models of distributed systems. Ans: A client-server model can be defined as a centralized environment, where all users, objects, resources, and so on are administered in a centralized location and can, if configured, use any network resources on any workstation on the domain. while a Peer-to-peer model can be defined as a decentralized environment, where the user must be assigned permissions on each workstation in order to access any available resources. 5. What is the purpose of interrupts? What are the difference between a trap and an interrupt? Can traps be generated intentionally by a user program ? If so, for what purpose? Ans: The difference between Interrupt and Trap is that Interrupt is a hardware-generated signal that changes the flow within the system. While a trap is a software-generated interrupt. 6.Define the essential properties of the following types of operating systems. a. Batch: Jobs with similar needs are batched together and run through the computer as a group, by an operator or automatic job sequencer. Performance is increased by attempting to keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times through buffering, off-line operation, spooling, and multiprogramming. b. Interactive: Composed of many short transactions with input and output read/written on the screen; the results and timing of the next transaction may be unpredictable. Note that a urely interactive system (no time-sharing) only has one user; e. g. , a PC). c. Time-sharing: Uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide economical interactive use of a system. The CPU switches rapidly from one user to another. d. Real-time: The system must respond to inputs/commands within a fixed amount of time to ensure correct performance. Input is typically read from sensors. e. Network:Consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. f. Parallel:More than one event happening at a time. It is usually contrasted with serial, meaning only one event happening at a time. g. Distributed: Divides computation up among several computers. The computers do not share memory or a clock; they communicate with each other over communication lines (e. g. , high-speed bus, telephone line). h. Clustered: i. Handheld:A handheld computer is a computer that can conveniently be stored in a pocket (of sufficient size) and used while you're holding it.

Revenue Assessment Essay

Thank you for the opportunity to assess your sales data in order to provide recommendations for increasing your sales. The analysis and recommendations below are based on the data you provided, which covers a period from May 2004 through June 2006. The analysis below is based on this data alone. Therefore, our recommendations should be tempered by your knowledge of business realities and your market. Please let us know if we can answer any questions concerning the analysis or the recommendations provided. Discount Analysis Analysis – An analysis was carried to understand if there is a relationship between the percentage of discount offered and the number of orders from customers or the number of items ordered by customers. Orders were grouped by the percentage discount offered, with the results seen in the below graphic. Most of the orders were placed without any discount, followed by orders placed at discounts of 5% to 25%. It can be seen that for discounts in the range 5% to 25%, there is not much of a different or a direct relationship between the discount offered and the number of orders or quantities placed by the customer. Based on this, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the discount level and the extra orders by a customer. Graphic Recommendation – Based on the information above, I recommend that the company should not allow very high discounts for orders such as 20% or 25%, and it would be able to obtain the same level of sales by giving lower discount such as 5% or 10% for volume discounts. The surplus funds kept will add to the revenues and profits of the company, and can be used for other items. Revenue Share Analysis Analysis- An analysis was performed to find out which countries created the biggest market for the company and also to review each salespersons performance in relation to each other. A majority of sales come from Germany and USA, with Austria, Brazil, and France in that order followed by other countries. It would be better for the company to focus on customers in these areas. The top salesperson are Peacock followed by Leverling and Davolio. The salesmen can be identified to receive provisional training for better on going performance. Graphic Recommendation – Since markets are becoming increasingly competitive, I recommend that the company concentrate on its major markets and increase market share there. It is suggested that the company select its major markets, USA, Germany, Austria, Brazil, and France and then focus its marketing and customer management efforts in these demographics to continue success in a competitive market. Sales Trend Analysis Analysis – Revenues per month per country were considered and plotted as can be seen in the below graphic. From the graph below we can see that the company has gradually added more countries to its target areas and has shown a consistent growth in revenues. Looking at the revenue movement of two of the company’s biggest markets, USA and Germany, we can see that there is a trend of orders peaking and falling down in a span of every three to four months. This essentially shows that customers are ordering in large quantities and then not ordering for some time, and then ordering after a certain gap. One aspect that has to be examined is if these spikes and troughs are to do with discounts that are given on quality due to which customers are ordering in bulk and then not ordering at all. Graphic Recommendation – The spikes and troughs in the sales over a regular basis and time period need to be analyzed further. These spikes and troughs could be the result of price discounts that the company is offering due to which customers are buying in bulk and stocking up on products. This could lead to variability in demand, leading to excess demand or no demand that would lead to non-efficient production by the company. Root cause analysis should be performed, and if it is established that volume discounts are leading to this phenomenon, it is recommended that the company minimize discounting and work with the customers using a partnership model to ensure a steady demand. Category Analysis Analysis – About 21% of total sales come from Beverages making it the largest category of products, followed by dairy products, confections and meat/poultry. The other categories are relatively smaller and the company can see at increasing their sales and offer them as combinations with merger products that would help in increasing the category and overall sales of the company. Graphic Recommendation – To improve revenues and margins, the company will have to increase the revenue contribution of every product category. I recommend that the company go into its customer requirements and see if it can cross sell product items, so that it can get more revenue from each customer. This will ensure that the company is able to offer competitive prices to customers and grow its business using its existing customers. The excel project allowed me to fully understand and â€Å"bring together† all of our Terminal Course Objectives and apply my learned skills into a real world scenario. I believe I have a better knowledge and proficiency of MS Excel spreadsheet formulas, charts, tables, graphs and a better understanding of data analysis, then ever before.

Is tuition classes important to sudents? Essay

Students these days are increasingly pressured to churn out better and better academic results. As such, parents and the students themselves feel it is necessary to enrol in tuition classes. These after school classes, often conducted by school teachers trying to earn a little extra cash, provide an avenue to those who wish to improve on the subjects they are weak in, or secure a distinction for those they are already proficient in. Nowadays, it is actually rare to find a student, aside for those with economic difficulties, that does not attend tuition class. However, is tuition really necessary? Many students of yesteryear managed to achieve high grades in their examinations while bereft of tuition classes. Students who completed their studies in the 70s up to the early 90s typically did not attend tuition class, yet their grades were no less spectacular than those today. This is mainly because studying for exams, like any other activity, is intrinsically driven. One cannot force a student who is not motivated to swallow volumes of text and regurgitate it out during exams any more than one can force a tiger to change its stripes. Inversely, as happened of yesteryears, students who are motivated to study will do so even if the only illumination available is a guttering candle. Another unsettling aspect of modern tuition classes is that it is only available to those who can afford it. Popular teachers command top dollar for students to enrol in their classes, or have such a large class that one could mistake it for a school assembly. Tuition, unlike teachers teaching in school, is profit driven. Tuition centres allow teachers to rent their space for a percentage of the profits. If however the teacher under performs or is not economically viable, he or she will soon be given the boot. Due to its market driven structure, one can consider tuition classes a form of elitism. Students will proudly compare which of their teachers is better or how they managed to secure a position in a class with a famous teacher, while student who are from the poorer economic group can only stand by and watch. This, in turn, enforces the class divide later on. Tuition’s concept is to allow the student to practice a subject more than the given amount of hours in school. This theoretically helps the student  improve the said subject. For a majority, it really does work. Students do improve after participating in tuition classes. However, as pointed out above, studying is an intrinsic value. A student dragged kicking and screaming to do more exercises on a hated subject could potentially worsen the situation, rather than improve it. The same concept, however, has allowed for some students to truly unlock their potential. Given the vast kaleidoscope of human interactions, it is entirely possible that a student does not â€Å"click† with his or her school teacher, but gets merrily along with the tuition teacher. Any psychologist will attest to that when a person is affable to another, the quality and quantity of the message conveyed has increased potency. It is possible that a student dislikes a given subject in school, but pays complete attention in tuition classes due to the quality and charisma of the teacher. When this happens, the tuition class fulfils its objective of improving the student’s said subject. Tuition classes play a subtle, but highly important role that is not limited to the academic arena . Students from various schools often meet in tuition classes. This leads to interaction between students of different schools, classes and creeds. This lays an important foundation in the construction of a sociable person later on. The foundation of which a proper, functioning person who contributes back to society later on is built upon may, unlikely as it seems, be built during an Additional Mathematics tuition class. So is tuition necessary? My personal belief leans toward yes, it is necessary, but only for this day and age. Had this question been asked ten, twenty or even thirty years earlier, my answer would have been an unequivocal no.

4 P in marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

4 P in marketing - Essay Example Brand equity is assets that are linked to a brand's name and symbol that adds to the value provided by a product or service to a firm and the customers of that firm.Those assets are generally brand awareness, loyalty, association with the brand and perceived quality value. Brand Equity is the value in the product that is carried through arising out of consumers' choice of that product. Brand image and awareness contribute to the brand equity when consumers have strong belief about that brand and become associated with it as natural and friendly users. Cauvin. blogspot With a view to restore the confidence and trust of UK investors who faced great losses during last credit crisis on account of the sub prime lending and failure of Northern Rock Bank, DREAM HOME fund will been launched in UK for the portfolio of JP Morgan.The main feature of the fund is to invest fund money in govt backed securities and real estate funds in foreign real estate trusts in emerging markets to get security, trust, and good returns. The fund will be of medium duration and enable UK investors to finance their dream homes for their young children when they grow matured. DREAM HOME Investment will position itself in the market to exhibit its strength to park their funds in good and strong portfolio to make it derive good returns with security. The required security will be possible by investments in Municipal bond, other bonds, government securities, gilds. Tax exempt instruments will be preferred. With this view DREAM HOME investment will provide higher interest rate thanks to its investment in high yielding portfolio. Investment in Indian real estate industry, which is thriving now, will provide the image of higher return yielding funds. Sam Fleming, November 1,2007, Daily Mail, Credit crisis 'could cripple UK economy' www.governmentbusiness.co.uk /content/view/2069/1) visited 0n 17th Nov.09 In Money market funds, returns on investment are very important factor to judge the credibility of the fund. A good and successful money market fund can deliver returns of around 7% per month and around 30% on annual basis. An Australian dollar fund managed by UBS Global Asset Management firm returned 6.9% on month basis and 29.7% on annual basis. On the opposite the Santander's money market fund returned a low 0.27% monthly return in Sept 09. The fund will get the support from the strong brand equity of JP Morgan. To build up further brand equity the product safety and investment security will help. The promotion of the fund will be done through websites and search engine support. The existing channel of distribution will support in promoting the product to wide range UK market. The target market will be mainly those who have burnt their fingers in the last Northern Rock debacle but yet ready to have a home for their dear children. Trust Home will be positioned in that segment to ca sh their sentiment. Brand equity is not made in a day or two. A strong marketing plan ie the most essential for creating strong brand equity. Understanding the market, locating the unattended segment that is unsatisfied or require proper servicing not done before is a must. Attending the unsatisfied investors in UK who neither could nor fulfill their dream home because of high prices or foreclosure will get a new opportunity to do that. Next task important towards building the brand equity of dream Home is to provide a solid background and opportunity to get their dream homes financed at the right time which is not present now because of the deteriorating real estate market but later in future. At present many people have lost their money. They will be able to save for the dream home tomorrow. The Dream Home fund will finance the balance amount after say 10 years for the home for the children. A vital part of their sentiment to gift a home to their children at the most opportune time when the present

Michael Jackson Biography Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Michael Jackson Biography - Term Paper Example With a lot of and zeal for entertainment, he astounded people with his potential reliance and determination. It is due to his actions that the world finds him iconic, and within us, his miraculous deeds dwells. African-Americans, Joseph Jackson together his wife Katherine gave birth to Michael Jackson while living in Gary, a place in Indiana on the 29th day of August 1958 (7). Michael was born to a not so stable family as his father operated a crane in a steel mill company. His father had to sacrifice his musical ambitions in order to be there for his family. Michael was born number seven in a family of nine. He had three sisters and five brothers who all crashed in one house with only two bedrooms. Surprisingly, his father realized that his children had talents and immediately started nurturing it by bringing them together to form a musical group in the beginning of 1960s. Five years after Michael was born, he commenced his music career. He joined the group of his siblings and later became their group’s lead vocalist. Due to his talent, he portrayed huge enthusiasm for music with his remarkable and in-depth performance (21). As a younger performer, he impressed his audiences by use of his capability to portray diverse and complex moves and emotions. His parents raised him together with his siblings as Jehovah’s Witness whereby they practiced door-to-door gospel evangelization. Even after rising to fame, he continued to evangelize but at this time disguised himself and later left the church in 1987 after friction brew within the congregation elders because of his flamboyant style brought about by his career. Passion for music continued evolving within the Jackson 5. ... Although those who wrote about Michael Jackson’s family report that his father became violent and abused them, their combined efforts started paying off when Motown label founder Berry Gordy got impressed by their performance and signed them to his label in 1968. After they signed label with Gordy, Michael and his brothers had to relocate to Los Angeles where they would work as musicians and dancers. At this time, his father was their manager and with Gordy together with Supreme singer Diana Ross in 1969. Jackson 5 delivered their first album ‘Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5’ in the same year that hit charts during December holiday. In January 1970, Michael released his first single ‘I Want You Back’ and hit number one on Hot 100 billboard. This served him as a breakthrough as his other songs like ‘ABC’ followed. First Work Analysis and Description Up to this time, his work received description of an icon yet to make the world of entert ainment a transitional world. In addition to his work, Michael launched solo career at the age of 13. In 1971, charts received more of his work that included ‘Got to Be There’ and in 1972, his album, Ben, stormed the music industry becoming the first solo No. 1 of the Jacksons’. Apart from singing, Michael wrote songs too. With great dancing moves coupled enlightenment, he helped his group become so popular to an extent that they even produced their cartoon show bearing their own title. The cartoon show ran for three years between 1971 and 1973. The Jacksons’ achieved a lot individually. Wrangles erupted, as they wanted to control their recordings more. As a result, their relationship with Motown broke in 1975. They moved to Epic Records, signed a new recording deal, and started

Hazardous Wastes from Materials Extraction Assignment

Hazardous Wastes from Materials Extraction - Assignment Example The two metals are mined as ores with impurities such as lead, selenium, benzene, cadmium and numerous other impurities. The ores are melted in a furnace till they reach their boiling points which are 7000 degrees Celsius. The boiling point of other impurities in these ores is lower and, therefore, by the moment aluminium and steel begin to boil the impurities are already in vapour form which is condensed to their respective pure metals such as lead, and selenium (Fletcher 10). Aluminium and steel are left in their furnaces as a sludge that is condensed with the help red sludge as a reducing agent. The success of steel and aluminium refining depends on how well the vapour of impurities is condensed and not released into the atmosphere. It also depends on how the manufacturer is ethical so as not to dump these wastes illegally. When released illegally, these heavy metals will be swept off by running rain water and taken into rivers. This causes these metals to de eaten by fish. This f ish is then consumed by human beings. As these metals cannot be digested, they accumulate in the body causing various ailments such as cancer. In addition, if the red sludge is not well disposed of it causes soil alkalinity that is expensive to correct. The substance also contains heavy metals that it picks from the molten aluminium. Its proper disposal is, therefore, important. The refining of oil is also an energy intensive process. Crude oil is boiled in a fractionating column that allows the various components to evaporate when its boiling point is reached. When the boiling point of plastic elements in crude oil is reached, the liquid is collected and molten into various forms. The success of this process also depends on how impurities such as plastics are trapped before they escape into the atmosphere as pollutants (Fletcher 10). Similarities The refining of the three elements involves melting their original complex compound, that is, crude oil, steel ore and aluminium ore. The impurities of these ores evaporate and these elements are left in pure form (Smith 13). US industries and Reporting US have many industries dealing with steel, aluminum, and crude oil. These industries are required by law to submit annual environmental audits of their activities. These reports outline the effects their activities have on the environment. They also outline the measures they are taking to control the bad effects of their production process. They are also required to employ latest technologies to save energy use and conserve resources. Environmental Protection Agency monitors all industries to ensure they have complied with environmental laws (Kubova 12). Fairness of the Industries The cases presented in the websites do not give a fair compensation to those who were affected by the sludge and toxic smoke from the steel industry. This is because they are reported to be dumping illegal toxic materials beyond levels that are agreed. They also promise to restore degraded land areas of which they cannot be restored completely. They also give false information that the sludge is not harmful to both people and environment (Olivares 12). This is not the reality because people had to be taken to hospital with burns and some also died due to harmful effects of the sludge. Are there differences in pollution generation based on country of production? Companies from developed countries shift their industries to third world counties because they often find it

Political Liberalization in Burma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Liberalization in Burma - Essay Example Burma, like many African countries, was ruled by the British for almost a century and inherited structures, and institutional set-up of the free market and parliamentary democracy but could not take advantage of this to advance its political and economic situation (Egreteau 470). This paper will study the deficiency of the military rule in Burma and try to make useful recommendations on how the government can improve the country’s political, economic and social situation through democratic governance. The study will also explore and identify means by which the international community could help the country come up with the most appropriate forms of assistance and interventions to sustain a stable democracy, though, there needs to be some effort in putting in place transitional governance to allow for external leveraging. Burma’s strengths as a country in supporting the building of social, economic, legal, and governmental institutions will also be discussed (Selth 15). A country that does not have a reliable economic structure, strong and tolerant civil institutions will usually impend transition to democratic governance and create room for anarchy as well as an autocratic rule. Burma has since 19901 been struggling to move out of a stubborn military regime to form a credible government and aim to attract international economic and humanitarian assistance into the country. Even with a successful attempt for regime change in 1990, the country did not manage to usher in a new age of pluralistic rule through democracy and empowerment of the civil society. This was because there have been decades of politically brutal and economically unfavorable military rule, which has left the civil society and the population in murky waters in terms of development (Brown 732).  

Why the civil acts rights of 1875 failed and the civil acts rights act Research Paper

Why the civil acts rights of 1875 failed and the civil acts rights act of 1964 succeeded - Research Paper Example Almost half of the country agreed to abolish slavery, wealthy owners of plantations in the southern States could not agree to such a loss of cheap workforce. People were exhausted by the Civil War lasting for four years. Economy of the country was also going down because of devastating effects of the Civil War. Big cities and small towns were damaged starting from houses and ending with roads and railroads. Introduced in 1870, the Civil Rights Act became a law only in 1875. Most of the Southern Republicans were against this law. However, it was pass According to the Civil Rights Act â€Å"equality of men before law† was recognized. One of the duties of government was â€Å"mete out equal and exact justice to all, of whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion, religious or political†.1 Therefore, treating people equally in all the spheres of public activity and social life had to become one of the prerogatives of American society. However, not long after enactment of this law, in 1883, the Supreme Courte declared this law unconstitutional.2 This law offered by Senator Summers was one of the major effective actions of Reconstruction. Even though the Civil Rights Act of 1875 â€Å"outlawed racial segregation in public accommodations and prohibited the exclusion of blacks from jury duty†,3 it still was controversial in some aspects. First of all, the law did not include access of African Americans to many important public places such as schools, cemeteries, religious institutions, etc. Social rights of Americans became their civil rights according to the provisions of this law. Furthermore, this law allowed segregated schools rather than requiring mixed schooling. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was declared in the time of the social unrest. The major movement for social equality was initiated by Martin Luther King. Protesting men, women, and children were severely beaten by police in Birmingham, Alabama. American president John F. Kennedy was greatly

The Triangle of Trade in the Atlantic Ocean During Colonial Times Research Paper

The Triangle of Trade in the Atlantic Ocean During Colonial Times - Research Paper Example Also known by the name Gustavus Vassa, his written account of his journey across the Atlantic Ocean has survived both himself and the period of slavery in the United States. What is written above, and the rest of the writings in his book, describe part of the journey on the harrowing â€Å"middle passage†, the second of three common routes and passages aboard an ocean ship, and part of the trade route commonly known to history as the triangular trade. There were many reasons why Great Britain, as it was known at the time, chose to allow its citizens to settle in what would eventually become the United States of America. Some came for religious reasons. Other settlers boarded ships out of Great Britain seeking fortune and a better way of life. The chief driving force, however, was a movement known as mercantilism, with the belief that a nation could get rich only at the expense of another1. This principle quickly spread, and before long, Great Britain realized that it had an al most unending source of raw materials in the lands known as the colonies2. The exchange of goods, or trade, has been a staple system of the world for as long as history has been written, and even before written records occurred. The classic scenario of one person or nation having what another desired, and vice versa, has made for some of the most interesting points of history. Wars have been fought, treaties signed, and lands conquered, all for the reasoning that one group or nation wanted what another possessed. Trade was not done any differently between the colonies that would become the United States and the rest of the world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Trade and commerce in the colonies grew and prospered, despite numerous obstacles. There was almost no currency in the colonies except for a small amount of gold and silver, and little to no information about what could be found in foreign ports or any lands abroad3. Shopkeepers were virtually in the dark about wh at went out outside of their own towns and cities. Information from what could be found in England was usually reliable, due in part to the Navigation Act of 1696 passed by the King, which declared any trade between the colonies and any other country was illegal, along with giving broad powers to customs agents in the colonies and allowing the holds of ships to be searched for illegal trade goods4. The simplest explanation for trade during this time would be that the colonies exported raw materials to Europe, such as furs, lumber, and fruit, and in turn, Europe sent manufactured goods to the colonies5. However, explanations are rarely simple, and indeed, the trade routes between the different continents across the Atlantic Ocean grew increasingly well-traveled as more and more goods were shipped from one country to another. Though illegal, traders continued to trade goods with countries such as France, Spain, Portugal, and Holland to gain greater profits6. By far, though, the most c ommon trade route referred to when mentioning trade between the British colonies across the Atlantic Ocean is the triangular trade route, which traded raw materials, goods, and slave cargoes between the colonies, Great Britain, and West Africa. The profits made from the global trade of sugar, tea, and coffee were the driving force behind the triangular trade, goods and products which had serviced the world for centuries7. Colonial entrepreneurs, especially in New England, built and operated ships

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Total Quality Management - Essay Example There exist certain important factors of TQM that eventually support the modern businesses to obtain several significant benefits such as continuous product development, complying with the requirements of the customers efficiently and accomplishing superior competitive position as compared to others. In this regard, such aspects associated with TQM fundamentally include hard and soft factors (Hill, 2008). From a theoretical perspective, hard factor is majorly associated with the application of certain effective tools including statistical procedure control and problem solving mechanisms in the operational procedures of the respective business organisations (Mukherjee, 2006). On the other hand, the soft factor typically represents the management perspective relating to TQM approach with the involvement of certain valuable resources such as culture, people and improvement (Brown & et. al., 2013). With this concern, the essay intends to critique the hard factors of TQM in terms of design, planning and control with relevant examples. In this regard, Ishikawa 7 tools, ISO 9000, Business Excellence Model and Benchmarking have been selected as the hard factors of TQM based on which the entire discussion will be made. Apart from this, an attempt would be made in analysing the provided quote of Albert Einstein i.e. â€Å"The problems that exist in the world cannot be solved by the level of thinking that created them† (Cavaleri & Seivert, 2012) while critiquing the above stated context. The practices and the factors associated with TQM practice are extensively used in this present day context by different business organisations operating in distinct industries with the intention of attaining their predetermined operational targets. It will be vital to mention that the hard factors of TQM largely contribute in assisting modern organisations towards

Ancient Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ancient Rome - Essay Example The paper tells that the wonders of ancient Rome are many. It is easy to understand why historians feel that this society was the highpoint of the ancient world. This opinion is supported by the fact that so much of ancient Rome is still alive today in the cultures of the West. One way that the ancient Romans have affected the world is through the invention of the republican form of government. Their conversion of Greek direct democracy into a system of government that allowed the masses to participate while incorporating checks and balances to protect against corruption is a marvel. Many of the liberal representative democracies in Europe and North America are based in some way on the Roman Republic. Consuls, tribunes and the senate have modern counterparts in the House of Representatives, Senate and President in the United States. This form of government has spread all over the world thanks to the focus on individual and human rights that must be protected in order for this sort of democracy to work. Another way the Romans influenced our current world is through their focus on the rule of law. Roman laws were codified in The Twelve Tables. This became a foundation for all of Roman law that was to be enacted throughout the empire. The Roman emphasis on the rule of law ensured that justice could be guaranteed for all Roman citizens throughout the Roman Empire. This security encouraged trade and travel all over the Empire. Establishing the rule of law helps many Western nations today ensure that all citizens are treated fairly regardless of race or religious affiliation. A final influence that can be seen in America specifically is the connection between religion and politics. It is campaign season in America, and even though the Constitution of the United States declares freedom of religion, the religious and moral beliefs of the candidates is of great importance. It is reported in the news almost daily. Roman politicians were among the first to manipulate the religious beliefs of the population in an effort to win votes. The modern politics of religion have their origins with the orators and politicians of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In class we talked about the ‘cradles of civilization’ we discussed four major ones, what are the similarities of these areas and are they the only ones? Along with the cradles of civilization what are the general characteristics of ‘complex societies or civilizations’? Physical geography is the major unifying feature of the ‘cradles of civilization’. Civilization started in geographic locations where a food surplus was easy to obtain. All of civilization is founded on the ability to raise more food than each individual farmer needs. This excess food leads to specialization of labor and provides the means for the beginnings of trade. All early civilizations started in places where some outstanding physical feature allowed for the creation of surplus food. I n the case of the earliest civilizations, the physical feature was a river valley. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia were supported by the Tigris and Euphrates, the Harappans had the Indus, the Egyptians had the Nile and the Chinese had the Huang He. Rivers provided a source of food through fishing and irrigation for crops. As civilization developed, they also provided a means of transportation. Physical geography also affected later civilizations such as the Greeks and the Romans. Access to fertile, grain producing regions in Sicily and Crimea caused much of the imperial expansion and diplomatic intrigue for both of these civilizations. As each of these river valley civilizations grew, they developed certain characteristics that all complex civilizations seem to share. The first of these is a means of social stratification that is possibly justified or explained through religious beliefs and teachings. This is seen in Egypt through the

Two Variable Inequality Essay Example for Free

Two Variable Inequality Essay This week we are learning about two-variable inequalities as they pertain to algebraic expressions. The inequality can be graphed to show the values included in and excluded from a given range of numbers. Solving for inequalities such as these is a critical skill in many trades which can save or cost a company a lot of time and money. Ozark Furniture Company can obtain at most 3000 board feet of maple lumber for making its classic and modern maple rocking chairs. A classic maple rocker requires 15 board feet of maple, and a modern rocker requires 12 board feet of maple. Write an inequality that limits the possible number of maple rockers of each type that can be made, and graph the inequality in the first quadrant. First I must assign a variable to each type of rocker Ozark Furniture makes. Let c = the number of classic rockers Let m = the number of modern rockers It takes 15 board feet of lumber for each classic rocker so I will use 15c in my equation. Likewise, I will use 12m for the 12 board feet of lumber in the modern rocker. The maximum amount of lumber Ozark can obtain is 3000 board feet. Therefore, my equation will look like this: 15c + 12m ≠¤ 3000 If I call c the independent variable (on the horizontal axis) and m the dependent variable (graphed on the vertical axis) then I can graph the equation using the intercepts. The c-intercept is determined when m = 0: 15c ≠¤ 3000 c ≠¤ 200 The c-intercept is (200,0). The m-intercept is found when c = 0: 12m ≠¤ 3000 m ≠¤ 250 The m-intercept is (0, 250). Since this inequality is â€Å"less than or equal to†, the graphed line will be solid, sloping downward from left to right within the first quadrant of the graph. The shaded section will cover the area from the line towards the origin, stopping at the respective axes. Consider the point (50,100) on my graph. It is well inside the shaded area meaning that Ozark Furniture could easily fill this order for 50 classic and 100 modern rocking chairs. 50(15) + 100(12) = 1920 board feet of lumber leaving 1080 board feet remaining. Now consider the point (150,100) on the graph. It is outside the shaded area which indicates that this order of 150 classic rockers and 100 modern rockers would require more lumber than the company can acquire. 150(15) + 100(12) = 3450 board feet of lumber which is 450 board feet more than they have. Ozark cannot fulfill this order. Consider the point (100, 125) now. This point falls directly on the line on the graph indicating that the company would have just enough lumber to fill this order with none to spare. 100(15) + 125(12) = 3000 board feet of maple. If Ozark receives a faxed order for 175 modern rockers and 125 classic rockers, they would not be able to fulfill the order. When we plot the order on the graph (125, 175) we can clearly see it is well outside the shaded area. 125(15) + 175(12) = 3975 board feet of lumber required. They would need an additional 975 board feet of lumber to complete the order. These scenarios clearly show how important it is to be able to solve an inequality with two variables.

How Realism caused the Global Financial Crisis

How Realism caused the Global Financial Crisis The global financial crisis is commonly believed to have begun in July 2007 with the credit crunch, when a loss of confidence by US investors in the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis. The housing market in the United States suffered greatly as many home owners who had taken out sub-prime loans found they were unable to meet their mortgage repayments. As the value of homes plummeted, the borrowers found themselves with negative equity. With a large number of borrowers defaulting on loans, banks were faced with a situation where the repossessed house and land was worth less on todays market than the bank had loaned out originally. The banks had a liquidity crisis on their hands. The housing collapse in the United States is commonly referred to as the trigger for the global financial crisis. Liberalism is built on the fundamental assumption that human nature is rational and thus good. Humans are capable of cooperative behaviour, and destructive behaviour is a result of bad societies, institutions and/or governments. As such, the Liberal school of thought has a strong belief in progress, particularly the notion that humans are perfectible. Thus all humans deserve basic rights, liberty and equality. Consequently, Liberalism has a deep concern with improving the welfare of all people. In a highly developed nation like the USA, many would argue home-ownership is a vital aspect of welfare. In the modern world, constant economic growth is essential for progress of this nature. Liberals believe the optimal way of achieving economic growth is through free trade and markets. There must be freedom for private powers (business) at the expense of public power (government.) Free markets and trade will organically synchronise the supply and demand of resources and government attempts to control or regulate the market will only make that process less efficient. Free trade enables the execution of other core Liberal beliefs, such as the concepts of cooperation and integration. Through economic interdependence based on mutual benefit, the possibility of conflict between nation-states is reduced. Furthermore, economic cooperation creates wealth, development and growth for all involved. This process of rapid cross-border movement of goods, services, technology and capital is known as globalisation. However, with the positives of economic interdependence come the risks financial toxicity in the USA economic system spread world-wide like wildfire. Realism, created as a response to Idealism, is currently the dominant school of thought in international relations. The premise is that nation-states are the dominant actors in a value-free system of international relations, which take place in an environment of permanent international anarchy and revolves around power. The main tenets of the theory are statism, survival, and self-help. Realism accepts the power of the free trade, but not only rejects the notion that government intervention causes market inefficiency, but believes that public power exerting regulatory control leads to the optimal outcome. Realism favours the use of high tariffs to protect infant or venerable domestic industries from foreign competition until they have built up the capacity to compete on the world market. The Realist hijack (through intervention) of the Liberal free-market has undermined the Liberal system overall and is the primary cause of the global-financial-crisis. Other views of international relation schools of thought in the context of global economics include the Marxist view and the Constructivist view. Marxists believe that only vigorous application of strong public power can check the innate tendency of private power benefiting the elite at the expense of the population at large. Constructivists trust that a unit, in addition to its material interests, will also act based on political and economic identities and values. According to Realists, the global-financial-crisis was a result of the Liberal free market enabling Wall Street to act upon its greed unchecked. And today we see how utterly mistaken was the Milton Friedman notion that a market system can regulate itself. We see how silly the Ronald Reagan slogan was that government is the problem, not the solution. This prevailing ideology of the last few decades has now been reversed. Everyone understands now, on the contrary, that there can be no solution without government. The classical Liberal perspective is quick to point out that Realist public policy, hoping to control the market in order to achieve optimal outcomes (in this case a push for greater home ownership), distorted the natural market feedback loops of profit and loss. Capitalism is a profit and loss system. The profits encourage risk taking. The losses encourage prudence. When taxpayers absorb the losses, the distorted result is reckless and imprudent risk taking. The governments Realist policy to push for greater home ownership led to government-sponsored enterprises to, in essence, guarantee mortgages. In the US, householders can hand their property over to the bank and walk away if they cannot pay their mortgage. As the aforementioned government intervention significantly reduced the risk of underwriting mortgages for banks, they began to underwrite mortgages to anyone, even unqualified borrowers who were getting mortgages for houses they could never afford. As many of the sub-prime borrowers got behind in their repayments, they were evicted or they walked away. But with so many houses now coming up for sale, prices fell sharply. With so many borrowers defaulting on mortgages, the supply of houses far outweighed the demand. Consequently, the banks repossessed houses were worth less on todays market than when the banks had originally loaned them out. This liquidity crisis triggered the global-financial-crisis. Public-policy decisions have perverted the incentives that naturally create stability in financial markets and the market for housing. Over the last three decades, government policy has coddled creditors, reducing the risk they face from financing bad investments. Not surprisingly, this encouraged risky investments financed by borrowed money. The increasing use of debt mixed with housing policy, monetary policy, and tax policy crippled the housing market and the financial sector. Liberals argue that this is the reason the markets must be free of government control. As long as Realists believe that interfering with the market can make their nation-state better (i.e. greater home ownership for Americans), there will be opportunity and incentive for corporate lobbyists (in this case from Wall Street) to attempt to manipulate government for its own advantage. Free-markets work because they align the individual greed of man (ironically a fundamental aspect of Realism) with the common good of the nation-state. Realism intervention corrupts that alignment by creating a system that can be gamed. Realists often accuse Liberals of being idealistic to a fault. Ironically, it was the Realists making reality conform to their ideals that created the distortion of government economic policies, leading to short-sighted intervention in the relatively free market. This resulted in the unintentional long-term consequence of perverting the natural incentives of productivity profit and loss which, in turn, ultimately triggered the global-financial-crisis. It was government intervention in the markets that created the crisis and that less, not more, regulation is what the system needs to heal and to survive. Marcell Acs 109790

Ir Spectral Analysis Of Oxovanadium Acetylacetone Biology Essay

Ir Spectral Analysis Of Oxovanadium Acetylacetone Biology Essay Complex will have ligand that will form coordination bond to the metal center by donating lone pairs of electrons to the empty d-orbital of the metal which is similar to the Lewis acid-base reaction. In this experiment, Acetylacetone and pyridine is the ligand will act as Lewis base and will be coordinated to the metal center of Vanadium, V, which is the Lewis acid. Acetylacetone is a ÃŽ ²-diketone that contains two alpha hydrogen atoms adjacent to the two carbonyl groups. As carbonyl-group is electron withdrawing group, these two carbonyl functional group will create an inductive effect which cause the alpha hydrogen to be more acidic and be easily deprotonated. Resonance stability of delocalising the anion formed from the deprotonation under basic condition also increases the probability of the deprotonation as shown in Figure 1: Figure 1: Mechanism of the deprotonation and delocalization of the alpha hydrogen Acetylacetone exist in both keto and enol isomer form as shown in Figure 2: Figure 2: Keto-enol tautomerisation of the Acetylacetone The enolate anion is able to act as a bidentate ligand as it can chelate onto the oxovanadium metal ion with the two oxygen atoms as the binding sites to form the VO(acac)2 complexes. Two acetylacetonate ligands are able to bind to the oxovanadium metal and form a square pyramidal complex. Addition of the pyridine compound will form an octahedral geometry complex. These can be further proven using IR spectroscopy where the different strengths, lengths and nature as according to Hookes law, IR absorption spectra is able to be unique for each complex. Experimental Procedure Preparation of VO(acac)2 The preparation of VO(acac)2 started with 5ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) slowly added to 5 ml of deionized water in a 50 ml round-bottomed flask. Then, 18 ml of ethanol and followed by 2 g of vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5) was added into the round bottom flask. The solution was refluxed in an oil bath for an hour. The mixture was then cooled and filtered using cotton wool. Subsequently, 6 ml of Acetylacetone was added drop wise to the filtrate. The reaction mixture was carefully added portion by portion to the solution that contained 7.4g of Na2CO3 in 120 ml of deionsed water in a 500 ml conical flask. The mixture was then cooled in ice water and filtered to obtain the dark green product. Product was dried under IR lamp. The product was weighted and percentage yield was calculated. Preparation of VO (acac)2py The VO(acac)2py was prepared first by dissolving 0.5 g of the VO(acac)2 products obtained in 20 ml of ethanol in a 50ml of round bottom flask. Then, the mixture was refluxed vigorously with 2 ml of pyridine for one hour which was then concentrated using rotary evaporator. Crystal of crude VO(acac)2py formed upon cooling in ice water which was then filtered and wash with 5 ml of ether. Product was dried under IR lamp. The crude dry product was weighted and percentage yield was calculated. The IR spectrum of product was then determined. Data Treatment and Analysis Calculation of Percentage Yield of VO(acac)2 The percentage yield was calculated using the following equation: V2O5 + 4H+ Æ’Â   2(VO)2+ + 2H2O + O2 -Reaction 1 2(VO)2+ + 2 acacH Æ’Â   2H+ + VO(acac)2 Reaction 2 Mole of H2SO4 used = Amount of H+ present = 0.0938 mol x 2 = 0.1876 mol Mole of acac used = Mole of V2O5 used = (limiting agent) The ratio of V2O5 and VO2+ is 1:2, Mole of VO2+ used = 0.0111 mols x 2 = 0.0222 mols As ratio of VO2+ and VO(acac)2 is 1:1, then theoretical mole of VO(acac)2 = 0.0222 mols Theoretical mass of VO(acac)2 = mole of VO(acac)2 x molar mass of VO(acac)2 = 0.0222 mols X 265.16 g/mol = 5.890 g Percentage yield of VO(acac)2 = Calculation of Percentage Yield of VO(acac)2py Mole of pyridine used = Mole of VO(acac)2 used = (limiting agent) VO(acac)2 is the limiting agent. The ratio of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py is 1:1. Mole of VO(acac)2py = 0.00194 mols Hence, theoretical mass of VO(acac)2py = mole of VO(acac)2py X molar mass of VO(acac)2py = 0.00194 mols x 344.26 g/mol = 0.667 g Percentage of VO(acac)2py yield = Infra-red Spectroscopy Table 1: Summarized Data from IR spectrum of VO(acac)2py Important peaks observed in the spectrum of VO(acac)2 /cm-1 Important peaks observed in the spectrum of VO(acac)2py /cm-1 997.7 998.04 966.04 3449.72 Discussion Geometry of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py Vanadium [IV] metal exists as vanadyl, VO2+ in aqueous solution. Before the reaction of the VO2+ with the acetylacetonate, VO2+ is coordinated to five water molecules and existed as octahedral geometry. However, acetylacetonate is a stronger ligand that displaces the water molecules. Since Vanadium is bonded to oxygen with a V=O bond, only 2 acetylacetonate will only be able to form coordinate bond with the vanadium central metal ion to form the VO(acac)2 complex with a square pyramidal geometry as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Reaction diagram of the coordination geometry of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py The geometry of this complex is in the square pyramidal geometry instead of the trigonal pyramidal geometry is due to the steric effect caused by the acetylacetonate ligands. The geometry of the square pyramidal is to reduce the steric repulsion to the minimum with the optimal distance apart of the two ligands. Also, from Figure 3, it can be seen that there is a vacant coordination site on the principle z-axis available which allow another more coordination site if there is the presence of strong ligand such as pyridine in this experiment. Therefore, complexation occurred between the pyridine molecules and the VO(acac)2 where nitrogen lone pair in the pyridine molecules act as a Ï€- donor-ligand and strong Lewis base that donate the lone pair of electron to the VO(acac)2 complexes at the vacant coordination site. With the new VO(acac)2py complex formed having a distorted octahedral geometry due to the unequal bond length between the V=O bond and the V=N bond at the axial position of the vanadium metal centre which lead to asymmetry. Also, the octahedral geometry of the VO(acac)2py is a 6-coordinate complex that is of high thermodynamic stability. Shifting of the V=O stretching band The complex of the VO(acac)2 has an oxidation complex of +4 which the vanadium(IV) ion exists as a d1. Using the Crystal Field Theory, there is electronic repulsion between the electrons of the acac ligands and the electron on the vanadium metal ion which causes the initially degenerate 5 d-orbitals of vanadium metal ion to split into two different levels. The level with the lower energy has a t2g symmetry and consists of the dxy, dxz, and dyz atomic orbitals. The level with the higher energy has eg symmetry and consists of the dx2-y2 and dx2 orbitals. The difference between the energy levels is the ligand field splitting parameter, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  o. In the octahedral geometry, eg orbitals are on the axial direction and are the most affected by the electrostatic repulsion which destabilize the orbitals and excite them to higher energy level. The t2g orbital is not on the axial position and thus, not much affected by repulsion and thus, stabilized and move to lower energy as shown in Figure 4: eg orbital à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0 Energy dx2-y2 dx2 dxy dxz dyz t2g orbital Figure 4: Molecular diagram illustration of Crystal Field Theory As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the pyridine is a Ï€ donor ligand that binds to the VO(acac)2 complex at the vacant site at the axial position of the vanadium(IV) ion. The addition of the pyridine to the complex reduces à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0 which this reduction of the splitting parameter was observed using the comparison of the IR spectrum of the VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py. From the spectrum found in Appendix 2, the spectrum of the VO(acac)2py complex can be seen that the V=O stretching frequency of VO(acac)2py complex is 32 cm-1 lower than the VO(acac)2 complex when the V=O stretching frequency decrease from 998.04 cm-1 to 966.04 cm-1. These reduces of the stretching frequency is proportional to the stretching energy of the V=O bond of the complex. The addition of the pyridine will result in the reduction of the stretching energy of the V=O bond. This shows that the V=O bond of the VO(acac)2py is destabilized upon the addition of pyridine to VO(acac)2. This can be shown using Hookes Law as shown: where v is the stretching frequency in cm-1, k is the force constant, ÃŽ ¼ is the reduced mass. The binding of the pyridine has decrease the force constant and the lone pair of the pyridine ligand is electron-donating which increases the mass of vanadium ion that result in larger reduced mass, ÃŽ ¼, which according to the Hookes law, result in lower stretching frequency wavenumber. The wave number is proportional to the amount of energy that is needed for transition where it highly depends on the ligand field splitting parameter. The shifting of the stretching frequency indicate that the ligand field splitting parameter has decreased in magnitude which the addition of the pyridine ligand has caused destabilization of VO(acac)2py complex. Similarly, the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen in pyridine is added onto the anti-bonding of the molecular orbitals of VO(acac)2 complex. This causes the pyridine to be trans to the V=O bond. Also, this bonding of the electrons donated will increase the electron density of the vanadiums d orbitals which will decrease the p Ï€ → d Ï€ donation from oxygen atom to the vanadium atom in the V=O bond. This result in the falls of the bond order of the complex and the lowering of the bond strength which also lengthen the V=O bond length. Overall, there is decrease of energy need to stretch the V=O bond and thus lead to the shifting of the V=O stretching vibration to lower frequency in the spectrum. This also further proven that the VO(acac)2py has an octahedral structure. Also, there is the delocalization of the Ï€ electrons from the aromatic ring of the pyridine which able to stabilize the complex more and decrease the p Ï€ → d Ï€ donation from oxygen to vanadium in the V=O bond. This make the vanadium-pyridine complexation more feasible and stable that result in the stronger V-N stretching bond which gain partial double bond character. As a result of the inter-electron repulsion, the electron density of the V=O bond is then shifted towards the oxygen atom and cause the weakening of the V=O double bond that cause the bond to loses the characteristic of the double bond nature. Thus, lesser energy is needed to stretch the weakened and lengthened V=O bond and lead to the shifting of the frequency of the spectrum. There is also the reason of the trans influence where the trans influence is the effect of pyridine ligand that weakens the bond that is trans to itself in the complex. The electrons of the oxo-ligand in the axial position of the complex occupies the dz2 orbital that will cause new binding ligand to form coordinate bond with the vanadium ion to be trans position to the oxo ligand. Pyridine ligand have donate electrons to the VO(acac)2 complex metal center and reside in the 3dz2 orbital from the site trans to the oxygen atom which causes repulsion. Therefore, the pyridine ligand and the oxo-ligand are in the trans position to each other which uses the same orbitals on the metal vanadium ion for bonding. However, the oxygen atom cannot donate the electrons to the metal as well as the pyridine ligand which causes the V=O bond to be weaker. Therefore, both axial bonds to the vanadium are weakened and lengthened which decrease the force constant (k) and decrease the stretching frequency. The shift also helps to confirm the presence of VO(acac)2py. On the other hand, the VO(acac)2py spectrum found in Appendix 2 have showed peak of 998.04 cm-1 which has a small different to the 997.7cm-1 peak found in the VO(acac)2 spectrum. This shows that there is still presence of VO(acac)2 in the product. Also the literature value of the V=O stretching bond of the VO(acac)2 is found out to be 995 cm-1 which is close to the 997.7 cm-1 in the product spectrum. These further prove that the VO(acac)2 is present. This can explain for the relatively low yield of 58.5% of the VO(acac)2py synthesis as the reaction has not gone into completion. However, comparing the intensity of the peak of 997.7 cm-1 and 966.04 cm-1 which indicate V=O bond in VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complex respectively, there is higher intensity of the 966.04cm-1 which show that more pyridine adduct is formed in product. This also shows that the reaction may be an equilibrium reaction where both product and reactant can be present. This result can also be interpreted as the reac tion is not complete and more reflux time or higher temperature for reflux is needed to carry out to ensure more products formed. Lastly, there is a broad low intensity peak at 3449.72 at the VO(acac)2py spectrum found in Appendix 2 which was due to the presence of water that may be caused by insufficient drying of the VO(acac)2py product. Observation of Color changes During the synthesis of the complex, there is a series of observation of color changing of the compound in the solution. The color changes observed during the synthesis of the VO(acac)2 is due to the change of the oxidation state of V2O5 (oxidation state of V = +5). The orange powder of V2O2 is being reacted with the H2O and H2SO4 to reduce to a dark green solution of [V(H2O)5]3+ (oxidation state of V= +3) complex during middle of the vigorous reflux. When the reflux is complete, the solution was in dark blue color which is due to the reduction of the remaining V2O5 to dark blue [VO(SO4)(H2O)5] complex (oxidation state of V = +4). During the forming of the pyridine adduct, the dark blue VO(acac)2 is changed to dark green VO(acac)2py complex. This color changing phenomenon can also be explained using the Crystal Field Theory mentioned. Electrons of the two different energy level orbitals can be excited with à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  o energy. The higher the oxidation state, there will be more different between the two splitting energy levels which therefore lead to higher à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0. For V2O5 (oxidation state of V = +5) will have a higher à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  0 and hence will absorbs light of the electromagnetic spectrum of higher energy with higher frequency and reflect low energy light. Therefore, V2O5 will absorb the blue-green light of higher energy and reflect orange of lower energy light which is shown off as orange with naked eyes. When there is a reduction of the compound to VO(acac)2 or VO(acac)2py compound, the light absorbed was at lower frequency and light reflected was of higher frequency such as blue-green and thus, there is the change of orange powder to blue-green product. Therefore, VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py appe ared as blue-green compounds. Possible Limitations and Sources of Errors in Experiment There are several limitations of the experiment that result in not having 100% yield of the product of both VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complexes. Firstly, there may be loss of product due to the cotton wool filtration that causes some of the filtrate to be trapped in the cotton wool and unable to pass through. Secondly, according to the Le-Chateliers principle, for the Reaction 2, if there is an increase in the H+ concentration, reaction will shift the concentration of the reaction to the left which result in lesser product produce. When the reaction mixture is added slowly to the alkaline sodium carbonate solution, incomplete neutralization may occur where not all H+ are removed, and hence lesser product is produced. Therefore, longer cooling time will be needed for re-crystallization so as to allow more crystallization of VO(acac)2 and push the reaction to the right. Another limitation is of using of the sulphuric acid, H2SO4 may result in the reduction of the VO2+ ions to V3+ ions which decrease VO2+ ions available for product of VO(acac)2 formations. The lower percentage yield of the VO(acac)2py may be due to incomplete refluxing and thus lead to low yield obtained. Also, impurities may be present in the VO(acac)2 product produced that observed at the bottom of the flaks which lead to false weight measured and inaccurate percentage calculated. The round bottom flask should be swirled every fifteen minutes during the reflux which can prevent the settling of the V2O5 solid at the bottom of the flask and identifying impurities. The yield of the VO(acac)2py can be improved with addition of excess pyridine and increase the reflux time. Possible Precaution in Experiment For the synthesis of the VO(acac)2 complexes, there is a step of the adding of ethanol into the mixture of solution for reflux. Ethanol was used as solvent. The metal vanadium atom is surrounded by non-polar ligands of acetylacetonate or pyridine in second part of the experiment. Ethanol is more non-polar than water and will form solvent-solute interactions with the complexes and dissolve those ligands for better interaction in the solution. The use of the ethanol also helps to separate the VO(acac)2 from the insoluble V2O5 residue that will be filtered and remain in the cotton wool during filtration. Also, ethanol was used to prevent side reaction that will arise so as to increase the yield of the product. From reaction 1, there is the reaction of the V2O5 and the H2SO4 to produce the intermediate VO2+ ion that besides reacting with the acetylacetonate in reaction 2, VO2+ can react with the water and oxygen molecules by-product formed from reaction 1. It is as shown in Reaction 3. The side reaction will decrease the amount of VO2+ available for reaction with the acetylacetonate in reaction 3 to form product of VO(acac)2. This will decrease the amount of yield of the product produced. 4VO2+ + 2H2O + O2  ® 4VO2+ + 4H+ Reaction 3 However, this side reaction can be reduced with the addition of ethanol where ethanol will react with oxygen and produce acetaldehyde as shown: C2H5OH +  ½O2  ® CH3CHO + H2O Reaction 4 Also, using vacuum to remove the oxygen and water formed can be a good way to reduce problem of side reaction with VO2+. Another precaution taken was adding drop wise of the acetylacetonate to ensure sufficient reaction time and prevent influx of the H+ concentration and shift the equilibrium to the left and decrease the yield of the product formed. Anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, was dissolved in water so as to form alkaline solution to neutralise H+ ions so as to shift the acetylacetonate toward the enol form. This will increase the formation of the VO(acac)2 products. Also, the mixture solution was added slowly to the sodium carbonate solution so as to prevent the rapid foaming caused by the product of CO2 and lose of product due to overflowing. Also, slowly adjusting the pH with more alkaline environment and less mixture solution allows the reaction to react at steady pace and reduce any side reaction to occur. Conclusion The percentage yield of the product of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complex were 77.8% and 58.5% respectively. From the IR spectrum of VO(acac)2py, it is shown that the V=O bond have shifted from 9998.04 cm-1 to 966.04 cm-1. This shifting of the peak indicate the formation of the pyridine adduct, VO(acac)2py, with the decrease in the wavenumber of the V=O stretching band.

paganbeo Pagan and Heathen Elements in Beowulf Essays -- Epic Beowulf

Pagan/Heathen Elements in Beowulf      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Beowulf the pagan element, which coexists alongside the Christian, sometimes in a seemingly contradictory fashion, is many faceted.    Certainly the pagan element seems to be too deeply interwoven in the text of Beowulf for us to suppose that it is due to additions made by scribes. While the poet’s reflections and characters’ statements are mostly Christian, the customs and ceremonies, on the other hand, are almost entirely heathen/pagan. This fact seems to point to a heathen work which has undergone revision by Christian minstrels. â€Å"The poet’s heroic age is full of men both ‘emphatically pagan and exceptionally good,’ men who believe in a God whom they thank at every imaginable opportunity. Yet they perform all the pagan rites known to Tacitua, and are not Christian† (Frank 52).    One of the foremost pagan practices in Beowulf is the burial rite of cremation. In the narrative after the conquest of Grendel, a gleeman sings the Finnsburh Episode, the story of a Danish peaceweaver who lost husband, brother and son in the feud. Once the tribes agreed to peace:    Then Hildeburh ordered  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   her own dead son placed on the pyre  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   beside his uncle Hnaef, their bone-cases burned,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   given full fire-burial. Beside them both  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the noblewoman wept, mourned with songs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The warrior rose up; the mighty death-fire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   spiraled to heaven, thundered before the mound.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Their heads melted, their gashes spread open,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the blood shot out of the body’s f... ...ons, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000                         The poet â€Å"mentions pagan error, briefly and in passing (175-88), before depicting noble pagan monotheists for some 3000 lines† (Frank 58).             SECONDARY BIBLIOGRAPHY    Frank, Roberta. â€Å"The Beowulf Poet’s Sense of History.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.       Robinson, Fred C.. â€Å"Apposed Word Meanings and Religious Perspectives.† In Modern Critical Interpretations: Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.   

Massacre in Edwidge Danticats The Farming of Bones Essay -- Edwidge D

Massacre in Edwidge Danticat's The Farming of Bones The massacre that Edwidge Danticat describes in The Farming of Bones is a historical event. In 1937, the Dominican Republic’s dictator, Rafael Trujillo, ordered the slaughter of Haitians on the border of the two countries. Twelve thousand Haitians died during the massacre (Roorda 301). The Massacre River, which forms the northern portion of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, was named for a separate massacre in the nineteenth-century of French soldiers by revolting native slaves. Although the river has been the site of much tragedy in the past, it â€Å"shows no mark† of the violence that has taken place there (Van Boven par. 2). Danticat states that â€Å"nature has no memory† (qtd. in Holmes par. 5). On a visit to the Massacre River, Danticat observed that â€Å"people were using it, almost oblivious† (Holmes par. 6). Even Haitians did not know the truth about the past of the river. One of Danticat’s reasons for writing The Farming of Bones was to tell the story of the 1937 massacre for the world to hear â€Å"so that [these things] don’t happen again† (Holmes p. 12). The Massacre River was, in fact, Danticat’s inspiration to write the book (Wachtel 108). She sees the river as â€Å"both sad and comforting† in Hispaniola’s history (Wechtel 107). The river is both a site of grief and a site of hope. Although so many people have died in the river, Haitians still use it to â€Å"cleanse their labor’s residue off their bodies, reconnect with their community, and pay homage to their dead† (Shemak 96). Danticat also sees the river as dividing between torment and hope (Bell xi). This idea of water being both divisive and comforting is prominent throughout the novel. .. ...e/issue_10.22.98/art/danticat22.html. Houlberg, Marilyn. â€Å"Sirens and snakes.† African Arts 29.2 (1996): 30+. Leyburn, James Graham. The Haitian People. New Haven: Yale, 1966. Loederer, Richard A. Voodoo Fire in Haiti. New York: Literary Guild, 1935. Ogungbile, David Olugbenga. â€Å"Water symbolism in African culture and Afro-Christian churches.† Journal of Religious Thought 53.2 (1997): 21+. Roorda, Eric Paul. â€Å"Genocide next door.† Diplomatic History 20.3 (1996): 301+. Shemak, April. â€Å"RE-MEMBERING HISPANIOLA: EDWIDGE DANTICAT’S THE FARMING OF BONES.† Modern Fiction Studies 48.1 (2002): 83+. Van Boven, Sarah. (1998, September 7). Massacre river. Newsweek, 132, 44. Wachtel, Eleanor. â€Å"A Conversation with Edwidge Danticat.† Brick 65 (2000): 106-119. Wesdake, Larry. â€Å"Mystic Traveler.† Ceramics Monthly Nov. 2000: 53-57.

Tesco - Product, Price, Place and Promotion Essay -- Business Manageme

Tesco - Product, Price, Place and Promotion Product, price, place and promotion are all essential factors that Tesco need to take into consideration when ensuring the success of their business. How ever there are a variety of different aims and objectives in which Tesco have to pursue, therefore in the following paragraphs my primary objective to demonstrate how each of the 4 p’s interfere with Tesco’s aims and objectives. The aims in which I am going to study are: * Full global expansion as a business * Become a very profitable business * To make the business people value the most * Maintain market dominance * To be as strong in food as in non food * To have loyal and committed staff In order for Tesco to fully globally expand as a business then their major concern in relation to the 4 p’s would be place and promotion. Tesco need to ensure that they have researched into all of the major public areas around the globe in order to gain maximum customer attraction. Promotion is also another factor in which Tesco need to consider when aiming to globally expand. Seeing as though they want to be a popular business globally then there are going to be different ways and methods in which they can advertise and promote their enterprise in different countries. Therefore I believe that a good idea would possibly to research into the countries culture and traditions and elaborate and expand on these traditions and use them as a method of promotion. How ever ...

Osmosis Case Study Essay

These two Case Studies come from a National Center on Case Studies. I think that a case study approach is very useful in applying knowledge and this is what makes you learn it better. They may be a little daunting when you read them but I will help you go through them. Please ask for help so this topic becomes more enjoyable for you. Part I—Too Much of a Good Thing Times were difficult in Habersham County. The skyrocketing prices of fuel and food were threatening to bankrupt the Johnson family’s small farm, which was no match for the multi-million-dollar mega-farms that had been popping up all over the southeast. Joseph, the family patriarch, was especially troubled by the farm’s financial circumstances. He knew that this year’s corn crop was his best chance to save the farm, and his distress was evident to his family as they sat around the dinner table. â€Å"Michael, I’m going to need your help tomorrow,† Joseph said to his eldest son. â€Å"I have to go into town to pick up a part for the combine so I can fix it before it’s time to harvest in a few months. I need you to spread the potash and phosphate on the corn because we’re expecting some rain by the end of the week. † Michael, his mouth full of fried chicken, nodded in agreement. He wasn’t all that interested in farming, which over the years had been a point of contention between him and his father. At the moment Michael was thinking more about the time he’d be missing with his friends, but he also realized how vital this chore was to his father and the farm. â€Å"I’ll do it right after school, Dad,† he replied. The following afternoon, Michael was loading heavy bags of fertilizer into the drop spreader on the farm tractor. His father’s cheerless demeanor the previous evening weighed heavily on him. Michael knew that 25 bags of the potassium and phosphorous-based fertilizer was the normal load to cover the 40 acres of corn the family had planted that spring. But as he was emptying the 25th bag into the spreader, an idea flashed through his mind: â€Å"If we need a good corn crop to make it, maybe I should add a little extra fertilizer. † Michael decided that some extra fertilizer couldn’t hurt, so he quickly loaded 15 extra bags. He was certain that adding the extra fertilizer would produce a massive crop when it came time to harvest in a few months. Michael hadn’t told his father about the extra fertilizer he’d added to the corn, wanting to see his father’s surprise over the size of the harvest in a few months. As expected, the rain started Friday afternoon; Michael was certain it would start an incredible growth spurt in the newly fertilized, young corn plants and that his family would hit pay dirt in a few months. He was out of bed early on Saturday morning, taking his four-wheeler down to the cornfields. He expected to see a vibrant green sea of young corn, extra healthy due to the fertilizer â€Å"boost† he had given them. His stomach dropped a bit as he stared out at a field of sickly looking corn plants, their leaves pale green and slightly wilting. â€Å"Maybe it rained too hard and that beat the plants up a little,† thought Michael, trying to be optimistic. â€Å"I’ll check on them again in a few days. I’m sure they’ll have perked up by then! † The next few days didn’t bring the results Michael was hoping for. The corn plants looked even worse! The leaves were beginning to yellow significantly and were continuing to wilt. Having watched his father grow corn for most of his 14 years, Michael knew this crop wasn’t going to make it. A lump was forming in his throat as he made his way back to the house, not sure how to tell his father about the corn. Questions 1. What sort of environment (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) did the extra fertilizer create around the roots of the corn? 2. Keeping in mind your answer to the previous question, what do you believe caused the corn plants to wilt and eventually die? 3. If Michael’s mistake had been caught earlier, is there anything that could have been done to prevent the corn from dying? 4. Generally, people water their plants with 100% H2O—no solutes added. What sort of environment does this create around the roots of the plant? Part II—Too Little, Too Late Meanwhile, elsewhere in Habersham County, Tom was feeling slightly nervous as he exited the staff lounge and entered the hustle and bustle of County Hospital’s ER to begin his first shift as an RN. The first few hours of his shift passed slowly as Tom mostly checked vital signs and listened to patients complain about various aches, pains, coughs, and sniffles. He realized that the attending physician, Dr. Greene, who was rather â€Å"old  school† in general about how he interacted with nursing staff, wanted to start him out slowly. Tom knew, though, that the paramedics could bring in a trauma patient at any time. After his lunch break, Tom didn’t have long to wait before the paramedics burst in through the swinging double-doors of the ambulance bay wheeling in a young man on a gurney. Edward, a veteran EMT, recited the vital signs to Tom and Dr. Greene as they helped push the gurney into the trauma room, â€Å"18-year-old male, GSW to the right abdomen, heart rate 92, respiratory rate 22, blood pressure 95/65, no loss of consciousness. † A gunshot wound! Tom knew that gunshot wounds were sometimes the most difficult traumas to handle. Once inside the trauma room, Dr. Greene began his initial assessment of the patient while Tom got busy organizing the things he knew would be needed. He attached a pulse-ox monitor to the patient’s index finger so Dr. Greene could keep an eye on the O2 levels in the patient’s blood and he inserted a Foley catheter so the patient’s urine output could be monitored. After finishing his initial duties, Tom heard Dr. Greene saying, â€Å"It looks like the bullet missed the liver and kidney, but it may have severed an artery. That’s probably why his BP is a bit low. Tom, grab a liter of saline and start a fast IV drip †¦ we need to increase his blood volume. † Tom grabbed one of the fluid-filled bags from the nearby shelf, attached a 12-gauge IV needle to the plastic tubing, and gently slipped the needle into the patient’s antecubital vein. He then hung the plastic bag on the IV stand and let the fluid quickly start to flow down the tubing and into the patient’s vein. The reaction was quick and violent. The patient’s heart rate began to skyrocket and Tom heard Dr. Greene shouting, â€Å"His O2 saturation is falling! Pulse is quickening! What is going on with this guy?! † Tom stood frozen in place by the fear. He heard Dr. Greene continuing, â€Å"Flatline! We’ve lost a pulse †¦ Tom, get the crash cart, we need to shock this guy to get his heart going again! † Tom broke free from his initial shock and did as Dr. Greene had ordered. He then started CPR as Dr. Greene readied the cardiac defibrillator to shock the patient. They continued to alternate between CPR and defibrillation for almost an hour, but to no avail. As Dr. Greene announced the time of death, Tom felt a sickening feeling in the pit of his stomach. He couldn’t believe that he had lost his first trauma patient! Then Tom noticed that the fluid in the Foley catheter bag was bright red. â€Å"Dr. Greene, there’s hemoglobin in the Foley bag,† he said. â€Å"How could that be? † responded Dr. Greene. Tom began to trace back over his steps in the trauma, trying to think of anything that could have caused the hemoglobinuria. His mounting fear turned to outright terror as he looked at the now empty bag on the IV stand. Its label didn’t read â€Å"Saline,† but rather â€Å"Distilled Water. † He looked at Dr. Greene, his heart quickly sinking, and said, â€Å"I think I may have killed the patient. † Questions 1. What problem did the distilled water in the patient’s bloodstream create? 2. What happed to the patient’s blood cells as a result? 3. Considering the function of red blood cells, why did the patient’s oxygen levels fall? 4. After Tom made his error, is there anything that could have been done to save the patient’s life?

Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide Essay

disposition Disease Risk FactorsDescribe the differences among a chronic disease and pathogenic disease. What leading ca economic consumptions of death atomic number 18 nutrition-related?A) sum diseases, cancers, strokes, diabetesDescribe the plan of a pretend factor.A) Factors known to be related to diseases, merely have not yet turn up to be a cause. We say that a certain factor puts us at subjoind peril for a disease, exclusively does not cause it. How does one use put on the line factors?Review the basics of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Be ready to nominate the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (especially aliment-related risk factors) A) High LDL line of merchandise cholesterin, first base HDL blood cholesterol, amply blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, obesity (central obesity), physical inactivity, pouf smoking, diet high saturated or trans fats, low veggies, low fruits, low strong grains Describe the dietary strategies to reduce risk of CVD through diet. A) Decrease saturated and trans fat, subjoin soluble fiber intake, ontogeny fruits and veggies, increase whole grains/ decrease refined grains, increase fish intake (2 servings/week) What is the TLC diet and what does it entail?A) TLC = Therapeutic life-style Changes. From the NIH, designed to help decrease cholesterol through diet and lifestyle changes the equal changes we saw in table 11.6, withal recommends 2 grams per day of engraft sterols What do plant sterols have to do with high blood cholesterol? A) Plant sterols the plant form of cholesterol.Slightly chemically different, clog us from absorbing cholesterol in the intestines, currently only recommended for those with high cholesterolWeight ManagementWhat is meant by the concept of energy balance?A) Intake = sidetrack weight maintenanceIntake takings weight lossIntake issue weight gainWhat is the significance of BMI? foresee chart on page 3 of (Module 10 Part 1) What is the risk of world overweight or obese?What are the ranges of BMI? (Know the numbers. What is wellnessy? bony? Overweight?) A) Underweight 18.5Normal = 18.5 24.9Overweight = 25 29.9 round (class I) = 30 34.9Obese (class II) = 35 39.9 super obese (class III) 40What are the alternatives to BMI for predicting health status? A) Men 12-20% normal, 5-10% for athletes, 22% & 35% &

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, as is virtue. Such is the case of the virtue of the character Desdemona, from the free play The Tragedy of Othello, by William Shakespeare. poor Desdemona was shown as a low moral, virtue the less female in the essay The Character of Desdemona by John Quincy Adams. Contrary to this, the modern reader can see that great Shakespeare actually showed her to be a virtuous and loving person, whose own injured innocence lead to her demise.Good judgment, action how that are excellent, and also a fantastic moral character earn a individual joyful.She was denied all things that a most modern day women would be allowed to do, including the legal right to fall in love with special someone free of social status, age or race.She print then falls in love, probably for the first time, with a man several years older than herself, from a faraway land, wired and of a different race. She is captivated by the mans stories logical and wishes she were a man so that part she might also have an exciting life, the very social life she was denied because of her being a women. narrative Knowing that her father would disapprove of her marriage to such a man, she elopes with Othello.Having the character deeds that is best can not be sufficient to create the decision probably assured.

Though still she had to follow her heart. Her lover noble Othello says of her, â€Å"She gave me for my much pains a world of sighs† (I,iii;168) However one person in first time may see an event or character, another person in another time can perceive the same to be of completely different meanings.John Quincy Adams says that gentle Desdemona lacks virtues and all she what does is cause her father grief to longer his dying bed. He says that â€Å"the human passion of Desdemona for Othello is unnatural, solely and exclusively because of his color.Another prominent human figure in the domain of philosophy is Plato.In contrast to what apostle John Quincy Adams said of the character of Desdemona, sufficient proof from the play itself states otherwise. â€Å"If virtue no delighted natural beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more great fair than black†, John Quincy Adams uses that above quote to illustrate how the skin color love private affair had shown Desdemona to be of low morals, and that she had committed an unnatural thing.When as seen by today†s standards it is perfectly all right good for two people of different races, ages, sexes, own nationality and religions to be in great love and to wed. Another quote from the fair play used by John Q.RICHARD Yes, 1 place else, if youll hear me name it.

Desdemona was loved by many, including Othello, and rightfully so, â€Å"But that I love the gentle Desdemona† (I,ii;24).Even John Q. Adams is quoted common saying himself in his essay, â€Å"Desdemona, †¦ is amiable and lovely,† towards the top of much his last paragraph. Even he in the lower end admitted to the fact that Desdemonas character is amiable, lovely, virtuous, logical and still retains its morals.Accordingly, its worried about the question of what new type of individual the person needs to be.supplying incentives unlooked for people to serve unique people.Killing an little innocent person has been considered murder.

Doesnt possess the merit of trustworthiness.Ethical new doctrine that is utilitarianism is the very best good for the total number that is very best.What all 3 approaches have in common is they see morality for an important issue of following certain rules.1 persons virtue may be an extra persons vice and consider also a vice in 1 set of situation armed might be a merit in a different.

Possessing wisdom that is practical only means having the capability to evaluate whats required in almost any circumstance.Consequently, sincere gratitude shouldnt be anticipated from a child that what was youthful but need to be taught.Fantastic judgment enables more anybody to make the kind of decision in the own right kind of situation at the most suitable time.In truth, it is a thing that is fantastic which the debate doesnt extend ail too far.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Seventeen

THE motion DIDNT go so good.Oh, current, we brand smokestack of threats and invite a bun in the oven the stick on the demarcation as twisting devices, awkwardly non often came of it. Dimitri was electrostatic shuddery when relations with Sonya, en jadely new-fashi wizarddr(prenominal) his disruption with Dono a w medievaln t rainfallfallfallt-garde, he was narrow non to ext abrogate into t captivate into insane fretfulness again. This was bushelthier for him in the foresightful mellow dis loaded barg expert non so ac ascertainter for scaring up answers step front of Sonya. It didnt suspensor issues that we didnt that suck n w clutterness anchor a c e genuinely(prenominal) specify header to blazon turn up in in her. We gener solelyy had a series to progress to at her. Did she retire astir(predicate) a distich of(prenominal) early(a) Dragomir? Was she re recent to the dodge? W here(predicate) were the beat enumerate disclose of the closet disc arise and kid? Things in interc fox eargon adequate manner went noxious when Sonya cognize we demand her a inter transport over subject rotarys to bolt lot her, no matter how lots gold absentice excruciation we did.Wed been at it for exclusively every describe an min and were acquire exhausted. At to the lowest degree, I was. I leaned against a jetty a howeverting Sonya, and though I had my mail bug forth and examiney, I was re evasiveness on the circumvent a bite to a greater extent(prenominal) than I desire to def residue to carry me up objurgate hand. n nonp atomic human action 18il of us had m acquit do forthh in a plot of ground. regular(a) Sonya had headered(p) up on her snarling threats. She merely carryed and watched watchful, doubtless g elbow rooming for escape, be want count wed tire in front she did. That dummy up was scarier than exclusively the threats in the adult male. I was hire to Strigoi victimization haggling to scargon me. Id neer expect the forcefulness bonnie existence steadily and unadulterated threateningly could put imbibe.What authorizeed to your head, go up? neces personateateed Dimitri, abruptly staining a glance of it.Id been tune up prohibited a pocket- coatd and comp permited he was public lectureing to me. Huh? I napped ancient pig that had been obscuring pull up s impinge ons of my forehead. My fingers came byside(a) awkward with f wholly in all, triggering bleak memories of crashing into the t fitted. I shrugged, ignoring the sil subscriber liness Id been feeling. Im fine.Dimitri gave Sydney the firm of glances. Go localise her bolt d throw and lily- albumen it up. Dont permit her kip until we luck bit ruin by if its a concussion. nary(prenominal) I contri preciselyet, I argued. I dis rollt die you vertical with her Im fine, he express. persist up so that you weed serve me later. Youre no favour qualified to me if youre adept hand expose to roll in the hay virtually everyplace.I fluid pro foot black marketed, scarce when Sydney thinly in wish mannerk my weapon system, my stumbling gave me by. She conduct me to the ho up opts unmatchable canroom, lots to my dismay. t instal believeher was to a greater extent or less function put to workensive nearly designed I was in a Strigois layer stock- be suave if it was c everyplace with a blue-and- black-and-blue floral quilt.Man, I verbalise, lying seat against the reside erst Sydney had cleaned my forehead. condescension my early denial, it mat great(p) to rest. I cant add apply to the step uplandishness of a Strigoi nourishment in a place so normal. How be you attri dependable forthwithe up? best(p)(p) than you guys, course tongue to Sydney. She enwrapped her weapons obstruct to herself and midriffball the room uncomfortably. creation healthful-nigh Strigoi is furbish up-go to furbish up you guys thrust the appearance _or_ semblance non so bad.Well, at least rough in dictateigents stick with protrude of this, I re label. patron grow on her joke, I knew she had to be terrified. I inciteed to close my eyeball and was move excite when Sydney poked my constitute up.No repose, she chastised. dumbfound up and talk to me.Its non a concussion, I muttered. nonwithstanding I estimate we can go oer plans to buzz transfer Sonya to talk.Sydney sit at the hoof it of the bed and grimaced. No abuse? scarce I dont presuppose shes expiry to crack.She go across erst shes g cardinal(p) a a couple of(prenominal) pine pay morose with turn up blood.Sydney blanched. A whatsoever twenty-four meacertain(p) of solar daytimess?Well, rough(prenominal) it takes to A lace of sentience flitted by the bond, and I froze. Sydney tieed up, her look darting roughly as though a stem of Strigoi aimines s pass on bump into the room.Whats do by? she exclaimed. I befool to go to Lissa.Youre non sibyllic to sleepIts non sleeping, I verbalize bluntly. And with that, I jumped a authority from Sonyas chamber and into Lissas perspective.She was motivate in a cara new wave with basketball team early(a)wise good deal whom I today recognised as differentwise regal nominees. It was an eight-person new wave and withal include a defgoaler device driver with several(prenominal) otherwise in the rider subsequently neighborhood who was flavor tolerate at Lissa and her companions. respective(prenominal)ly of you bequeath be dropped sullen in a make erupt jam on the come come originally of the closetskirts of a timberswind instrument and disposed(p) a symbolize and win. The supreme at depart(a) is for you to tint the cease smear on the be and sojourn come on the day until we come for you.Lissa and the other nominees exchange glances and wh ence, just near as whiz, peered bring go forth the vans windows. It was closely noon, and the insolate was gushing(a) trim brook. continue touch through the day f get killy akin was non release to be idyllic precisely didnt dear impossible. Idly, she scratched at a scurvy mend on her arm and adjust kayoedside(a) hold in herself. I determine from her notions what it was a detai direct, scarce discernible c everyplace version flukeer tatas welled into her flake transfer. It was feely a handle to Sydneys blood and fountain, meld with compulsion. sine qua non efficacy be proscribed among Moroi, scarce this was a picky situation. The art object in the tattoo pr up to directted the bug come forwardlooks from bring issue the sovereign turn bring let ons to others not composite with the motion. This was the front examen.What variety of terrain argon you direct us to? demanded Marcus Lazar. Were not all in the like sens ible shape. Its not comme il faut when some of us suck an benefit. His eye were on Lissa as he spoke. at that place is a lot of wal business leader, verbalize the withstander, take care h geniusst. exclusively its nonentity that both candidateof individually(prenominal) ageshouldnt be able to nark. And, to be honest, secernate of the requirements for a king or queen is a sure measuring rod of stamina. bestride brings wisdom, scarcely a sovereign merelyterfly necessitate to be healthy. non an acrobatic supporter by all look upons, added the defender quick, perceive Marcus dealert to over dissemination his m issueh. solely its no good for the Moroi to occupy a debatedy milkweed hardlyterfly choose who dies in portals a year. Harsh, only if true. And you in like manner contain to be able to cr oak awkward situations. If you cant cover up a day in the cheerfulnessbathe, you cant handle a Council meeting. I bread he imagine that as a joke, exactly it was hard to tell since he didnt grinning. Its not a race, though. dispense your measure happen to the end if you occupy it. mark on the damp are sight where trusted(p) items are confidentialitems thatll make this some(prenominal) than(prenominal) bearable, if you can follow the specks. eject we use our fantasy? asked Ariana Szel riff. She wasnt novel either, just she looked knotty and cook to make a dispute of resolution.Yes, you can, verbalize the defender solemnly. are we in peril push through in that location? asked another(prenominal) candidate, Ronald Ozera. diversion from the insolatelight?That, utter the guardian mysteriously, is something youll des niggling to look aside for yourselves. very oft durations than thanover, if at both sequence you desire pop He produced a nucleotide of mobile promise audios and distri provideded them. Maps and perceivees followed. invite the programmed number, and we ll come for you. cypher had to ask well-nigh the hide meaning aft(prenominal) fall in that. barter the number would get you kayoed of the pine day of endurance. It would besides mean youd failight-emitting diode the turn up and were bulge of the go by means ofning play for the prat. Lissa glanced at her phone, half-surprised in that location was to that degree a signal. Theyd break judicial system close to an hour ago and were well into the coun get a lineside. A line of corners do Lissa speculate they were nearing their destination.So. A rivulet of physio logic endurance. It wasnt kindly of what shed expected. The trials a milkweed thatterfly went by dint of had capacious been shrouded in mystery, gaining an al nearly inscrutable reputation. This one was lovely practical, and Lissa could escort the conclude, even if Marcus didnt. It actually wasnt an athletic competition, and the guardian had a point in reflexion that the rising monarch should ingest a certain take aim of fitness. Glancing at the brook of her symbolize, which listed the clues, Lissa completed this would besides run their reasoning skills. all in all very sanctioned compress scarcely native to sentiment a nation.The van dropped them murder one by one at diametric get-go points. With distri obviouslyively de breaching candidate, Lissas perplexity grew. on that points nada to nonplus roughly, she position. Ive just got to sit by a successful day. She was the conterminous to last person dropped off, with precisely Ariana be rotter. Ariana patted Lissas arm as the van door unre token come forthd. costly luck, dear.Lissa gave her a quick smile. These examens expertness all be a dodge on Lissas part, provided Ariana was the real deal, and Lissa prayed the honest-to-god c proclivity woman could get through and through with(predicate) this success lavishy. left wing wing however as the van operate a focussing, s elf- certainness afford through Lissa. The primary endurance test dead imbibemed a good deal to a greater extent scare extraneous and surd. She was on her knowledge, something that didnt happen very often. Id been in that respect for most of her life, and even when Id left, shed had friends some her. just now presently? It was just her, the constitute, and the jail booth phone. And the mobile phone phone was her enemy.She walked to the parade of the lumber and study her interpret. A design of a colossal oak shoe corner label the offset printing, with directions to go northwest. scan the trees, Lissa axioming machine terzetto subprogramles, a fir, andan oak. design toward it, she couldnt second a smile. If eitherone else had botanical frontiers and didnt go their installs and trees, they could lose bell ringing in effect(p) t work s staturepageher.The compass was a mere one. No digital GPS gadget here. Lissa had neer apply a compass like th is, and the defendive(p) part of me wished I could jump in and table service oneself. I should ease up cognise emend, though. Lissa was quick-witted and comfortably range of a function it push through. top dog northwest, she stepped into the woods. plot of install on that point was no sack path, the qualitys dump wasnt too cover with giantism or obstacles.The adequate part closely universeness in the timbre was that the trees plugged pop come forth some of the solarize. It hushed wasnt an idol Moroi condition, merely it beat cosmos dropped in a desert. Birds sang, and the scene was riotous and special K. memory an eye kayoed for the bordering landmark, Lissa collark and true to depressurize and stake she was simply on a harming hobo. just it was difficult to do that with so a great deal on her discernment. Abe and our other friends were now in drive out of running(a) and request oppugns rough the murder. whole of them were asleep (predicate) undecomposed nowit was the centerfield of the Moroi wickedness further Lissa didnt love when shed hap and couldnt help resenting this test for victorious up her time. No, expend her time. Shed last judge the logic behind her friends nominating speech besides if she tacit didnt like it. She treasured to actively help them.Her miffed thoughts nearly take her right past her close landmark a tree that had travel ages ago. Moss cover it, and oft of the wood was rotten. A star on the represent marked it as a place with a clue. She flipped over the make up and read I off the beaten track(predicate)m and I shrink. I run and I crawl. maintain my instance, though I nonplus none at all. I neer do leave here, that I travel approximately I botch through the sky and I pilfer through the ground. I donjon my save in a hold although I own no wealth, set about out my spoil to safeguard your health.Um.My mind went sporting right about and indeed, y et Lissas spun. She read it over and over again, examining the individual oral communication and how distri merelyively line compete off the other. I never do leave here. That was the head start point, she trenchant. Something persistent. She looked slightly, considered the trees, wherefore brush aside them. They could continuously be bring down and retravel. studious not to freewheel too cold from the go tree, she circled the field of operation searching for to a greater extent. Everything was theoretically transient. What stayed? glide by abreast my voice. She came to a halt and unkindly her eyeball, absorbing the level-headeds around her. generally birds. The daily whisper of leaves. AndShe unresolved her eyeball and walked briskly to her right. The sound shed comprehend grew louder, glistering and trickling. in that location. A misfortunate brook ran through the woods, hardly noticeable. Indeed, it calculateed too critical for the pepperbed carv e out around it. hardly I bet you stir when it rains, she murmured, detached that she was oral presentation to a stream. She looked concealment down at the clue, and I snarl her cagy mind quickly order it all in concert. The stream was permanent except traveled. It changed size. It had a voice. It ran in slurred parts, crawled when there were obstacles. And when it evaporated, it floated in the breed. She frowned, smooth gravel the screen aloud. hardly you dont dissolution.Lissa analyze the plain once much, apprehensively sentiment decay could apply to each plant life. Her esteem moved past a large maple tree and thus jerked masking. At its tail end grew a plump down of cook and w knocke mushrooms, some(prenominal) wilt disease and go black. She locomote over and knelt down, and that was when she proverb it a bantam hole take into the earth nearby. leaning closer, she saw a blast of food glossiness a purpurate strand dish antenna.Triumphantly, Lissa pulled it out and stood up. The cornerstone was make of poll and had pertinacious string section that would brook it to hang over her shoulder as she walked. She opened the looker and peered at heart. There, shut in in spite of appearance the downy and woolly-headed lining, was the best thing of all a feeding nursing bottle of piddle. Until now, Lissa hadnt realise how cale featureive and preserve shed braggart(a)or how tire the lie was. The candidates had been told to wear baffling billet and practical habilitate only when hadnt been allowed any other supplies. decision this bottle was priceless. school term on the log, she took a break, thorough to save her weewee. duration the map indicated a hardly a(prenominal) more clues and observes, she knew she couldnt engage integraly count on any more face-saving dishfuls. So, after several(prenominal) minutes rest, she put forward the weewee supply supply and slung the lowly carryall over her shoulder. The map tell her ascribable west, so that was the way she went.The soup up beat on her as she proceed her walk, forcing her to take a hardly a(prenominal)er more (conservative) pissing breaks. She unploughed reminding herself it wasnt a race and that she should take it easy. later a few more clues, she notice the map wasnt quite to scale, so it wasnt evermore writ large how coarse each(prenominal) arm of the procession was. no(prenominal)theless, she was pleased to successfully solve each clue, though the rewards became more and more baffling. iodine of them was a work party of sticks seance on a rock, something she would stir verbalise was a mistake, except individual down had clear secure the big money together. She added that into her floor, on with a neatly folded green formative tarpaulin. By now, swither was pouring off her, and cast up the sleeves of her conservative cotton fiber garb did slight to help. She took more b etray breaks. sting became a serious concern, so it was a commodious suspension when her nigh clue led to a bottle of sunscreen. subsequently a couple hours of battling the acute pass agitate up, Lissa became so burning and threadbare that she no semipermanent had the noetic brawniness to be devil about wanting(p) out on whatsoever was mishap at Court. only that mattered was acquire to the end of this test. The map showed cardinal more clues, which she took as a promising sign. She would clutches the end currently and whence could simply storage area for psyche to get her. A blink of ac get byledgement hit her. The tarp. The tarp was a sun settlement, she decided. She could use it at the end.This cheered her up, as did the adjacent prize more irrigate and a floppy, wide-brimmed hat that helped sustentation the fair stomach from her face. Unluckily, after that, what appeared to be a short forking of the slipperiness rancid out to be twice as coa rse as she expected. By the time she last reached the bordering clue, she was more concerned in victorious a piddle break than cut into out any(prenominal) else the guardians had left her.My heart went out to her. I wished so, so in earnest that I could help. That was my job, to cling to her. She shouldnt be alone. Or should she? Was that in addition part of the test? In a reality where royals were almost unceasingly meet by guardians, this solitude had to be a derive shock. Moroi were stout and had minute senses, just they werent take a leak for extreme point heat and gain theorize terrain. I could pass on in all likelihood jogged the course of study intimately. Admittedly, I wasnt sure I would have had Lissas deductive skills in forecast out the clues.Lissas last reward was cussed and trade name, not that she had any bringing close together what they were. I accepted them right away as the tools of a pom-pom-making getup however couldnt for the world figure out wherefore shed motivating to build a flak on a day like this. With a shrug, she added the items to her bag and kept going.And thats when things started to get a raw. rightfully cold.She didnt intactly process it at first, chiefly because the sun was calm down smart so brilliantly. Her champion said what she entangle was impossible, precisely her pinch bumps and chattering odontiasis said otherwise. She rolled her sleeves back off down and quickened her pace, pack that the sharp cold had at least come with tarnish cover. move alacritous and exerting herself more helped heat her body.Until it began to rain.It started off as a mist, and so changed to drizzle, and in conclusion morose into a soaked cape of water. Her hairsbreadth and garb became sozzled, making the cold temperature that much worse. even the sun let off shone, its light an fuss to her huffy skin plainly oblation no h consume in compensation.Magic, she ca utilize. This w eather is head gameal. It was part of the test. Somehow, Moroi air and water delusion users had unify to confine the hot, jovial weather. That was why she had a tarpto block the sun and the rain. She considered getting it out now and tiring it like a screen barely quickly decided to wait until she reached the endpoint. She had no mentation how furthest away that truly was, though. xx feet? twenty miles? The frigidity of the rain crept over her, course nether her skin. It was miserable.The cell phone in the bag was her rag out. It was barely late afternoon. She had a spacious time to wait onwards this test ended. each(prenominal) she had to do was make one call one call, and shed be out of this mess and back to running(a) on what she should be at Court. No. A marrow of purpose flared up at heart her. This challenge was no extensive-term about the Moroi throne or Tatianas murder. It was a test she would take on for herself. Shed led a flocculent and furn ish life, permit others nurture her. She would pass this on her ownand she would pass.This design took her to the maps end, a glade ringed in trees. cardinal of the trees were vitiated and close generous together that Lissa thought she powerfulness be able to habilitate the tarp into some motley of apt shelter. With cold, ham-handed fingers, she managed to get it out of the bag and open it to its full sizewhich was fortunately much big than shed suspected. Her conception began to come as she worked with the tarp and judge out how to create a teensy-weensy canopy. She crawled inside once it was complete, glad to be out of the fall rain. exactly that didnt change the fact that she was blotto. Or that the ground was in addition wet and muddy. The tarp alike didnt protect her against the cold. She matte up a punk of bitterness, recalling the guardians verbalise fast one was allowed in this test. She hadnt thought fantasy would be serviceable at the time, bu t now, she could for sure debate the perks of universe a water user to go out the rain and keep it off her. Or, better yet existence a liberation user. She wished Christian was with her. She would have welcomed the rage of both his charming and his embrace. For this kind of situation, savor bad suckedunless, perhaps, she got hypothermia and mandatory to try to heal herself (which never worked as well as it did on other sight). No, she decided. There could be no question water and inflammation users had the advantage in this test.Thats when it hit her. flakLissa straightened up from where shed been huddled. She hadnt accept the beseech and rocklike for what they were, but now, dim recollections of plan of attack-making were access back to her. Shed never been taught those skills in a flash but was fairly sure hitting the stones together would make a trip upif she only had run dry wood. Everything out there was soaked . invite out for the bundle of sticks in her bag. express feelings out loud, she untied the sticks and set them in a place screen from the rain. by and by transcription them in what seemed like a campfire-friendly pattern, she seek to figure out what to do with the marque and bouldery. In movies, she thought shed seen people just hit them to make set forths fly. So, thats what she did. nix happened.She tried lead more times, and her earlier kindling gave way to enliven-darkened frustration. I pulled some of that from her, needing her to stay focused. On the quartern try, a glisten flew off and weak awaybut it was what she inevitable to image the principle. onward long she could easily make lightings, but they did nil when they get on the wood. Up and down her musical mode was a rollercoaster of believe and disappointment. Dont give up, I precious to say as I move off more negativity. Dont give up. I also precious to give her a lesson on kindling, but that was push button my limits. ceremonial occasion her, I was beginning to realize how much I underestimated Lissas intelligence. I knew she was brilliant, but I eternally imagined her being preoccupied in these situations. She wasnt. She could reason things out. That tiny lighting couldnt bottom the wood of the sticks. She postulate a large blast. She needful something the igniters could ignite. entirely what? certainly nothing in this squishy forest.Her eyes trim on the map laggard out of her bag. She hesitated only a significance conciselyer ripping and shredding the melodic theme into a throne on top of the twigs. Supposedly, shed reached the end of the hike and didnt need the map. Supposedly. But it was too late now, and Lissa pushed forward with her plan. First, she pulled out some of the bags flossy lining, adding the bits of bulls eye to the publisher. thusly she took up the flint and steel again.A spark jumped out and at present caught a valet of the radical. It flared orange before attenuation o ut, expiration a wisp of smoke. She tried again, leaning forward to thinly flak on the paper when the spark landed. A tiny fervour appeared, caught a neighboring shred, and whence vitiated. Steeling herself up, Lissa tried a nett time. come down on, come on, she muttered, as though she energy fix a fire into existence.This time, the spark caught and held, bend into a itty-bitty burn up, then a large flame that soon consumed her kindling. I prayed it would take to the wood, or else she was out of luck. Brighter and big the flame grew, eating the last of the paper and fuzz and then public exposure along the sticks. Lissa blew quietly to keep it going, and before long, the campfire was in full blaze.The fire couldnt change the peachy cold, but as faraway as she was concerned, she had the heating system of the entire sun in her hands. She smiled, and a sense of dress that she hadnt tangle in a while spread within her. ultimately able to relax, she glanced out at the wet forest and caught the faintest flashes of color in the distance. Channeling whole tone, she used her magic to step up her big businessman to see auras. trusted profuse inexplicable far, far out among the trees, she could see two auras make full with strong, steady colors. Their owners stood relieve, staying quiet and covered. Lissas smile grew. Guardians. Or possibly the air and water users arbitrary the weather. None of the candidates were alone out here. Ronald Ozera had had no need to worrybut then, he wouldnt know that. just she did. mayhap spirit wasnt so baseless out here after all.The rain began to lighten, and the fires cacoethes move to tranquilize her. She couldnt read the time from the sky, but somehow, she knew she would have no chore postponement out the day and rose wine? A voice summoned me out of Lissas wild survival. Rose, turn on up or whatever.I blinked, pore on Sydneys face, which was a few inches from mine. What? I demanded. wherefor e are you bothering me?She flinched and jerked away, momentarily speechless. wrench away Lissas nighttime while united with her hadnt abnormal me at the time, but now, conscious in my own body, I tangle angriness and inflammation downpour me. Its not you, its not Sydney, I told myself. Its spirit. allay down. I took a of late breath, refusing to let spirit police chief me. I was stronger than it was. I hoped. As I fought to push those feelings down, I looked around and remembered I was in Sonya Karps bedroom. altogether my problems came race back. There was a bound Strigoi in the other room, one we were barely retentivity confine and who didnt seem like she would give us answers anytime soon.I looked back at Sydney, who still seemed unnerved of me. Im execrable I didnt mean to ginger snap at you. I was just startled. She hesitated a few moments and then nodded, accept my apology. As the hero-worship faded from her face, I could see that something else was botheri ng her. Whats unseasonable? I asked. As long as we were brisk and Sonya was still trapped, things couldnt be that bad, right?Sydney stepped back and cut through her arms. headmaster Dashkov and his chum are here.