Brain Fingerprinting Technology

BRAIN FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY Mandar Ghate Department Of Computers, Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratisthans College Of Engineering [email  protected] com Abstract— Brain fingerprinting is a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US navy, and tests on real-life situations including felony crimes. Brain fingerprinting was developed and patented by Dr. Lawrence Farewell in 1995. Keywords— Perpetrator, MERMER methodology. INTRODUCTION Brain Fingerprinting is based on the principle that the brain is central to all human acts. In a criminal act, there may or may not be many kinds of peripheral evidence, but the brain is always there, planning, executing and recording the crime. The fundamental difference between a perpetrator and a falsely accused, innocent person is that the perpetrator, having committed the crime, has the details of the crime stored in his brain, and the innocent suspect does not. This is what Brain Fingerprinting detects scientifically. THE SECRETS OF BRAIN FINGERPRINTING Matching evidence at the crime scene with evidence in the brain: When a crime is committed, a record is stored in the brain of the perpetrator. Brain Fingerprinting provides a means to objectively and scientifically connect evidence from the crime scene with evidence stored in the brain. (This is similar to the process of connecting DNA samples from the perpetrator with biological evidence found at the scene of the crime; only the evidence valuated by Brain Fingerprinting is evidence stored in the brain. ) Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity in response to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen, and reveals a brain MERMER (memory and encoding related multifaceted electroencephalographic response) when, and only when, the evidence stored in the brain matches the evidence from the crime scene. The MERMER includes P300 brain response and also electri cally negative component, with an onset latency of approximately 800-1200ms. Thus, the guilty can be identified and the innocent can be cleared in an accurate, scientific, objective, non-invasive, non-stressful, and non-testimonial manner. MERMER Methodology: The procedure used is similar to the Guilty Knowledge Test; a series of words, sounds or pictures are presented via computer to the subject for a fraction of second each. Each of these stimuli are organised by the test-giver to be a â€Å"Target†, â€Å"Irrelevant†, or a â€Å"Probe†. The Target stimuli are chosen to be relevant information to the tested subject, and are used to establish a baseline brain response for information that is significant to the subject being tested. The subject is instructed to press on button for targets, and another button for all other stimuli. Most of the non-Target stimuli are Irrelevant, and are totally unrelated to the situation that the subject is being tested for. The irrelevant stimuli do not elicit a MERMER, and so establish a baseline brain response for information that is significant to the subject in this context. Some of the non-target are relevant to the situation that the subject is being tested for. These stimuli, Probes, are relevant to the test, and are significant to the subject, and will elicit a MERMER, signifying that the subject has understood that stimuli to be significant. A subject lacking this information in their brain, the response to the Probe stimulus will be indistinguishable from the irrelevant stimulus. This response does not elicit a MERMER, indicating that the information is absent from their mind. THE FANTASTIC FOUR!!!! The four phases of Brain Fingerprinting: In Fingerprinting and DNA Fingerprinting, evidence recognized and collected at the crime scene, and reserved properly until a suspect is apprehended, is scientifically compared with the evidence on the person of the suspect to detect a match that would place the suspect at the crime scene. Brain Fingerprinting works similarly, except that the evidence collected both at the crime scene and on the person of the suspect (i. e. in the brain as revealed by electrical brain response) is informational evidenc e rather than physical evidence. There are four stages to Brain Fingerprinting, which are similar to the steps in Fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting: 1. Brain Fingerprinting Crime Scene Evidence Collection; 2. Brain Fingerprinting Brain Evidence Collection; 3. Brain Fingerprinting Computer Evidence Analysis; and 4. Brain Fingerprinting Scientific Result. In the Crime Scene Evidence Collection, an expert in Brain Fingerprinting examines the crime scene and other evidence connected with the crime to identify details of the crime that would be known only to the perpetrator. The expert then conducts the Brain Evidence Collection in order to determine or not the evidence from the crime scene matches evidence stored in the brain of the suspect. In the Computer Evidence Analysis, the Brain Fingerprinting system makes a mathematical determination as to whether or not this specific evidence is stored in the brain, and computes a statistical confidence for that determination. This determination and statistical confidence constitute the Scientific Result of Brain Fingerprinting: either â€Å"information present† (â€Å"guilty†)-the details of the crime are stored in the brain of the suspect-or â€Å"information absent† (â€Å"innocent†)-the details of the crime is not stored in the brain of the suspect. THE DEVICES USED IN BRAIN FINGERPRINTING BRAIN WAVES HOW IT WORKS A Suspect is tested by looking at three kinds of information represented by different coloured lines: —–Red: information the suspect is expected to know —–Green: information not known to suspect —–Blue: information of the crime that only perpetrator would know. NOT GUILTY: Because the blue and green. Lines closely correlate, suspect does not have critical knowledge of the crime GUILTY: Because the blue and red Lines closely correlate, and suspect has ritical knowledge of the crime. INSTRUMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 1. A personal computer. 2. A data acquisition board. 3. A graphic card for driving two computers from one PC. 4. A four channel EEG amplifier system. 5. Software developed by Brain Fingerprinting lab. CASE STUDIES TERRY HARRINGTON: [->0] Dr. Lawrence Farewell conducts a Brain Fingerprinting test on Terry Harrington. For the test on Schweer’s murder at U. S in 2001, th e determination of Brain Fingerprinting was â€Å"information absent†, with a statistical confidence of 99. 99%. The information stored in Harrington’s brain did not match the scenario in which Harrington went to the crime scene and committed the murder. The determination of the Brain Fingerprinting test for alibi-relevant information was â€Å"information present†, with a confidence of 99. 99%. The information stored in Harrington’s brain did match the scenario in which Harrington was elsewhere (at a concert and with friends) at the time of the crime. JB GRINDER: [->1] Brain Fingerprinting testing was also â€Å"instrumental in obtaining a confession and guilty plea† from serial killer James B. Grinder. In August 1999, Dr. Farewell conducted a Brain Fingerprinting test on Grinder, showing that information stored in his brain matched the details of the murder of Julie Helton. Faced with a certain conviction and almost certain death sentence, Grinder then pled guilty to the rape and murder of Julie Helton in exchange for a life sentence without parole. He is currently serving that sentence and has also confessed to the murders of three other women. LIMITATIONS OF BRAIN FINGERPRINTING If, however, the suspect knows everything that the investigators know about the crime for some legitimate reason, then the test cannot be applied. There are several circumstances in which this may be the case. If the suspect acknowledges being at the scene of the crime, but claims to be a witness and not perpetrator, then the fact that he knows details about the crime would not be incriminating. There would be no reason to conduct a test, because the resulting â€Å"information present† response would simply show that the suspect knew the details of the crime-knowledge which he already admits and which he gained at the crime scene whether he was a witness or a perpetrator. Another case where Brain Fingerprinting is not applicable would be one wherein a suspect and an alleged victim-say, of an alleged sexual assault-agree on the details what was said and done, but disagree on the intent of the parties. Brain Fingerprinting detects only information, and not the intent. The fact that the suspect knows the uncontested facts of the circumstances does not tell us which party’s version of the intent is correct. Obviously, in structuring a Brain Fingerprinting test, a scientist must avoid including information that has been made public. Detecting that a suspect knows information he obtained by reading a newspaper would not be of use in a criminal investigation, and standard Brain Fingerprinting procedures eliminate all such information from the structuring of a test. Even in highly publicized cases, there are almost many details that are known to the investigators but not released to the public and these can be used as stimuli to test the subject for knowledge that he would have no way to know except by committing the crime. Brain Fingerprinting does not detect lies. It simply detects information. No questions are asked or answered during a Brain Fingerprinting test. The subject neither lies nor tells the truth during a Brain Fingerprinting test, and the outcome of the test is unaffected by whether he has lied or told the truth at any other time. The outcome of â€Å"information present† or â€Å"information absent† depends on whether the relevant information is stored in the brain, and not on what the subject says about it. Brain Fingerprinting does not determine whether a suspect is guilty or innocent of a crime. This is a legal determination to be made by a judge or jury, not a scientific determination to be made by a computer or a scientist. Brain Fingerprinting can provide scientific evidence that the judge and jury can weigh along with the other evidence in reaching their decisions regarding the crime. CONCLUSIONS Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new scientific technology for solving crimes, identifying perpetrators, and exonerating innocent suspects, with a record of 100% accuracy in research with US government agencies, actual criminal cases, and other applications. The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, corporations, investigators, crime victims, and falsely accused innocent suspects. Additionally, if research determines that brain MERMER testing is reliable enough that it could be introduced as evidence in the court; it may be the criminal investigative tool of the future. REFERENCES [1]www. google. com[->2]. [2]www. brainfingerprint. org[->3]. [3]www. brainfingerprint. pbwiki. com[->4]. [->0] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:BrainFingerprintingFarwellHarringtonTest2. jpg [->1] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:BrainFingerprintingFarwellGrinder. jpg [->2] – http://www. google. com [->3] – http://www. brainfingerprint. org [->4] – http://www. brainfingerprint. pbwiki. com

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Question : (TCO F) Assume there is no beginning work in process inventory and the ending work in process inventory is 100% complete with respect to materials costs. The number of equivalent units with respect to materials costs under the weighted-average method is: Â  Student Answer: XX the same as the number of units put into production. less than the number of units put into production. the same as the number of units completed. less than the number of units completed. Â   Instructor Explanation: Chapter 4 Points Received: 5 of 5 Comments: Great job 2. Question : (TCO F) Process costing would be appropriate for each of the following except: Student Answer: XX custom furniture manufacturing. oil refining. grain milling. newsprint production. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 4 Points Received: 5 of 5 Comments: Great job Question : (TCO F) Lucas Company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The company adds materials at the beginning of the process in the Forming Department, which is the first of two stages in its production process. Information concerning operations in the Forming Department in October follows: Question : (TCO F) During December at Ingrim Corporation, $74,000 of raw materials were requisitioned from the storeroom for use in production. These raw materials included both direct and indirect materials. The indirect materials totaled $6,000. The journal entry to record the requisition from the storeroom would include a: Student Answer: debit to Raw Materials of $74,000. XX debit to Work in Process of $68,000. credit to Manufacturing Overhead of $6,000. debit to Work in Process of $74,000. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 3 Points Received: 5 of 5 Comments: Great job 6. Question : (TCO F) Wedd Corporation had $35,000 of raw materials on hand on May 1. During the month, the company purchased an additional $68,000 of raw materials. During May, $92,000 of raw materials were requisitioned from the storeroom for use in production. These raw materials included both direct and indirect materials. The indirect materials totaled $5,000. The debits to the Work in Process account as a consequence of the raw materials transactions in May total: Student Answer: $92,000. $0. $68,000. XX $87,000. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 3 Points Received: 5 of 5 Comments: Great job 1. Question : (TCO F) Some companies use process costing and some use job-order costing. Which method a company uses depends on its industry. A number of companies in different industries are listed below: i. Custom boat builder ii. Frozen cranberry juice processor iii. Concrete block manufacturer iv. Winery that produces a number of varietal wines v. Aluminum refiner that makes aluminum ingots from bauxite ore For each company, indicate whether the company is most likely to use job-order costing or process costing. Student Answer: Job order costing is where a company produces different products each period, they are made to order, All costs are traced to each job and requires that each job has documentation of all costs associated with it. Process costing is when a company produces a single product for a long period of time and the product is the same or very similar, the costs are accumulated by department. i. Custom boat builder= Job-order costing ii. Frozen cranberry juice processor= process costing iii. Concrete block manufacturer= process costing iv. Winery that produces a number of varietal wines= Job-order Costing v. Aluminum refiner that makes aluminum ingots from bauxite ore= process costing 3. Question : (TCO F) Harmon Company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The Curing Department of Harmon Company reported the following information for the month of November. Units Percentage complete with respect to conversion Work in process, November 1 10,000 80% Units started 28,000 Completed and transferred out 30,000 Work in process, November 30 8,000 30% Costs for November Materials Conversion Work in process, November 1 $34,500 $48,600 Added during the month $146,000 $194,400 All materials are added at the beginning of the process. Required: Compute the following items using the weighted-average method: i. The equivalent units of production for materials. ii. The cost per equivalent unit for conversion. iii. The total cost assigned to units transferred out of the Curing Department during November. iv. The cost assigned to work in process inventory as of November 30. Student Answer: Harmon Company i. The equivalent units of production for materials. = 38,000 (See math below) Transferred out= 30,000+ work in process 8,000= 38,000 ii. The cost per equivalent unit for conversion.= $7.50 (see math below) total weighted average units= 8,000 *.3= 24000 plus 30,000 that was transfer= 32,400 Conversion- 48,600 + added during month 194,400= 243,000 cost per unit 243,000/ total weighted avg unit 32,400 = $7.50 per unit iii. The total cost assigned to units transferred out of the Curing Department during November. = Materials= $142,500 (see math below) Conversion= $225,000 Total cost= $367,500 Materials = work in process plus added during month ( 34,500+146,000) = 180500 transferred materials divide by total average unit= 30,000/38,000=.7894 180500*.7894=$142,500 Materials Conversion= materials transferred times cost per equivalent unit 30,000*$7.50= 225,000 Add together for total cost= 225000+142500= 367500 iv. The cost assigned to work in process inventory as of November 30.= Materials $38,000 + conversion $18,000= Total cost $56,000 (See math below) Materials times ending work in process divide total materials= 34500+146000= 180500 180500* (8,000/38,000)= 38,000 Conversion ending work process inventory 8,000*.3=2,400 conversion cost conversion times per unit= 2,400*$7.50= $18,000 Total cost= 38,000+18,000= 56000 Instructor Explanation: Points Received: 15 of 15 Comments: Great job 4. Question : (TCO F) Honeysuckle Corporation has provided the following data for the month of January: Inventories Beginning Ending Raw materials $40,000 $23,000 Work In process $9,000 $13,000 Finished goods $52,000 $45,000 Additional Information Raw material purchases $68,000 Direct labor costs $90,000 Manufacturing overhead cost incurred $44,000 Indirect materials included in manufacturing overhead costs incurred $8,000 Manufacturing overhead cost applied to work in process $39,000 Prepare a Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and a Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold in good form. Student Answer: Honeysuckle Corporation Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Month of January Direct Materials: Raw Materials Inventory Begining $40,000 Add: Purchases of raw materials: $68,000 Raw Materials Available for use $108,000 Less Raw Materials Ending $(23,000) Raw Materials Used in Production $85,000 Direct Labor Cost $90,000 Manufacturing overhead Manufacturing overhead cost incurred $44,000 Indirect materials included in manufacture overhead costs incurred $8,000 Manufacturing overhead cost applied to work in process $39,000 Total Manufacturing Overhead $91,000 Total Manufacturing Cost $266,000 Add Work in Process Inventory, Beginning $9,000 Less Work Process Inventory end $(13,000) Cost of Goods Manufactured $528,000 Honeysuckle Cost of Goods Sold Month of January Finished Goods Inventory $45,000 Add Cost of Goods Manufactured $528,000 Goods Available for Sale $573,000 Deduct Finished Goods Inventory $45,000 Cost of Goods Sold $618,000

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Prigogine Investigation Essay Example for Free

Prigogine Investigation Essay The origination and evolution of living organisms is considered by many scientists, due to general laws of nature, especially the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper this idea is explored, taking in account the dissipative structures and Prigogine’s thermodynamics. Introduction The use of thermodynamics in biology has a long history rich in confusion (Morowitz, 92) (Klyce, Brigg, http://www. panspermia. org/seconlaw. htm) The second law of thermodynamics was discovered by Clausius, who coined the term Entropy, which is usually defined as the degree of disorder. In the most general sense, Evolution of life means, growing in ordered combinations from cells, to tissues and organs, to plants and animals, families, communities, and ecosystem. It can be seen that these two terms: evolution and entropy express totally contradictory concepts. According to second law, Entropy of a closed system can never decrease, i. e. dSV ? 0 (Gibbs, 1928). But, in case of evolution, the living systems increasingly go on to complex state of more order, suggesting that entropy in this closed system has decreased. This is the paradox that has baffled both biologists and physicists alike. Hence, an initial theory which both physicists and biologists agreed upon was: life violates the second law of thermodynamics. Evolution of life and Entropy The contradiction can however be explained, by subscribing to one of the two very different schools of thought. Either we can accept that the order that is seen in the evolution and growth biological systems is maintained at the expense of thermodynamic order. That is to say, sustenance in the form of external energy is always provided to the organism from external environment and entropy of this larger system is increasing. Hence, living beings attract negative entropy, in order to compensate for this increase in the entropy, which explains the order. This concept was formed by Schrodinger. There is another explanation, which was proposed by Prof. Ilya Prigogine. According to him, the living organisms function as dissipative structures, i. e. thermodynamically open systems operating in non-equilibrium environment. These have the capacity for self-organization in the face of environmental fluctuations. In other words, they maintain their structure by continuously dissipating energy. Such dissipative structures are permanently in states of non-equilibrium. Ds/dt 0 away from steady state Ds/dt = 0 steady state (Prigogine, 1977) In this case, equilibrium is the state of maximum entropy. A system that is not in equilibrium exhibits a variation of entropy, which is the sum of the variations of entropy due to the internal source of entropy, plus the variation of entropy due to the interaction with the external world. The former is positive, but the latter can be negative. Therefore, total entropy of the system can decrease. Life according to this theory can then be summarized as: An organism lives because it absorbs energy from the external world and processes it to generate an internal state of lower entropy. It can live as long as it can avoid falling in the equilibrium state. According to the second law, only irreversible processes contribute to entropy production. This means the existence of a function in an isolated system which can only increase in time. It follows that the positive time direction is associated with entropy (Prigogine, 1977). Now, biological evolution is hierarchical and can be considered as an irreversible process of the variation of life with respect to the evolutionary time scale. The Law of Temporal Hierarchies makes it possible to identify quasi-closed thermodynamic systems and subsystems within open biological systems (Gladyshev, 2003). This facilitates the study of individual development (ontogenesis) and evolution (phylogenesis) of these subsystems. For instance, it is seen that the specific Gibbs function for the formation of supramolecular structures of biological tissues, G tends towards its minimum in the course of both ontogenesis and phylogenesis. (Gladyshev, 2005) The above model implies that, the mean flow of matter is quasi-stationary and the nature of incoming matter to the system remains practically unchanged. In other words, the supramolecular phase (structure) of the organism evolves against the background of the incoming flow of chemical substances of practically constant composition. This principle of the stability of chemical substances is a thermodynamic principle. Accordingly, the tendency of biological systems during evolution to generate relatively highly stable structures of higher hierarchies leads to the selection of relatively less stable structures of lower hierarchies. This rejuvenates the lower hierarchical structures and causes nearly unbounded evolution of the biological world. (Gladyshev, 2005) Conclusion The findings of hierarchical thermodynamics, specifically supramolecular thermodynamics of quasi-closed systems, confirm the thermodynamic tendency of biological evolution. Additional experiments could refine this model and further verify that second law can be applied in its classical definition to explain the origin and evolution of life References 1. Gladyshev, Georgi P. â€Å"What is Life- A physical chemist’s viewpoint†, 12th Dec. 2005 http://www.panspermia.org/seconlaw.htm

Colgate-Palmolive PEST and Porters 5 Analysis

Colgate-Palmolive PEST and Porters 5 Analysis Jump to: PEST Analysis of Colgate |Â  Porters 5 Forces Analysis of Colgate Introduction Companies seeking to gain a competitive advantage in todays environment, where competition is very tough where technological improvement have pushed major companies forward are in need of a strategy development process. By using several capabilities like creativity and originality, companies can come up with a number of options and possibilities that can be used while building a strong strategic plan. Today, Companies should develop the sense of controlling and monitoring of processes, nothing should be left at random, because important losses can incurred. Many thinkers have argued that a strong strategy should consider three important factors (3C): Customers, Competencies and Competition. To begin with customers, companies should be able to distinguish between existing customers and potential customers; in addition, they have to understand customers needs for a better profitability. Competencies are perhaps the most important tool in this chain, it can raise the companys stock index or lead it to bankruptcy, and its by recognizing multi-skilled peopleÂÂ  trained and capable in a large variety of skills or activities that companies can carry on the adventure. Finally, competition is no longer a concept to be defined or explained, its becoming a double-edged sword for companies in a world where the number of firms is growing exponentially. Analysis of the areas cited above is interconnected. Who you select as your target group will have consequences on capabilities you require, which will have an impact on what the competition policy which will pressure who you choose as your target group.ÂÂ   Furthermore, a well structured strategic analysis will induce to brighter more significant goals, and a more safe future as companies are better aware of possible threats that may happen. They may be also known as (External Environmental analysis), its may be seen as the connection between going in the right track and making the appropriate decisions, a kind of trade-off established by the company. Its through strategic analysis that organizations are capable of encouraging funders for future perspectives. Funders are more likely to go for donations or loans, in case of strategic analysis environment, to enlarge the gap between the organization and its competitors. In the other hand, not considering at least a little amount of strategic analysis means losing opportunities called also (opportunity cost). A left behind status can be reached in case of ignoring strategic analysis. BNET Business Dictionary defines the strategic analysis as the way of conducting researches on the external environment or business environment where the organization performs and on the organization in the purpose of drawing a strategy. In the other hand, Professor Les Worrall thinks that strategic analysis is a fair understanding of organization surrounding, it takes into consideration the interrelation between the firm and its environment to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness, by increasing the organizations capacity to deploy and redeploy its resources intelligently. Many studies have been conducted in this field, they may have suggested different definitions of strategic analysis but three important characteristics are commonly linked with it: Identification and evaluation of important data to strategy elaboration. Recognition of both external and internal environment to be considered. Multiple analytical methods that can be used in the analysis. Examples of analytical methods used in strategic analysis include: Value chain analysis Four corners analysis Early warning scans War gaming PEST analysis and Porters five forces analysis Analytical tools are meant to ensure the sustainability and reliability of the analysis proposed. Analytical methods are worldwide used and understood, they have reached a mature state where every organization can use them to better work However, while dealing with the analytical methods, companies should keep in mind some considerations: The tool or method should be able to answer question that may be raised by the organization. The benefit coming from using any tool or method should be clearly defined and stated. To ensure a successful analysis, organization need to go forward a great understanding of the tool used. The tools proposed are empowered if there is collaboration as input with other people surrounding the company, in addition, time should be allocated to people concerned so they accommodate the analysis. Every member of the organization must be aware that the use of any analysis tool is time and effort consuming, decision-making board and stockholders ,in the implementation phase, should be flexible and provide the necessary to complete the project. The objective of using an analytical tool is to go deeply in the analysis and to ensure a better approach more balanced and methodical. In addition, all analytical tools are using historical data, they rely on past data to better understand futures wants. Moreover, results coming from the analysis should be interpreted with caution or the analysis may lead to an influenced result, due to pressures, which look for a particular strategy. One of the important competencies of an analyst is to understand which tool or technique is most appropriate in the context. Colgate Palmolive Nature of Business Colgate-Palmolive is generating benefits from manufacturing and selling shampoo and toothpaste , 80% and 15% respectively. The remaining is shared between home care products (softeners).Colgate-Palmolive is the leader in the domestic market on the shampoo and the second on the toothpaste.ÂÂ  The battle for market share with competitors is at:ÂÂ   Shampoo with brands such as: Head shoulders / Pantene Toothpaste with brands such as: Signal CPM Company is present in several markets of consumer goods. Indeed its wide product range covers both Personal Care as the Home Care. Colgate-Palmolive operates in the market of Oral Care through Tonigencyl and Colgate toothpaste and Colgate toothbrushes. In addition the Company has a strong presence in the market with shampoo brands:ÂÂ  Cadum, Alert and Palmolive. Colgate History In 1806, Mr. Colgate William, a soap and candle maker, opened a shop where he sold candle and soap and multiple cosmetics in New York under the name William Colgate Company. In the 1840s, the company started to sell energetic bars for uniform weights. In 1857, His son took over,, when his father Samuel Colgate passed away , the company was renamed as Colgate Company under the management of Samuel Colgate, his son. In Milwaukee, B.J. Johnson Company was producing a special and famous soap by mixing only palm and olive, the formula used was developed by B.J. Johnson in 1898. The soap was very popular, thanks to the recipe originality, and took the name of Palm-Olive (Palmolive) Between 1928 and 1953 many changes occurred, they are summarized below: The merging of Peet Brothers with Palmolive to become Palmolive-Peet. Palmolive-Peet bought Colgate company form Samuel Colgate to create the Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company.(1928) In 1953, the company changed its to the current name Colgate-Palmolive Company. Colgate-Palmolive has been competing with the worlds largest soap and detergent producer for decades. After the World War II, PG had decided to a launch a diversified range of products under the name of TIDE, many consumers turned to this new products when they used to buy Colgate-Palmolive Products. Moreover, the company faced another challenge when PG decided to add Fluoride in the toothpaste an achievement never done before, due to this fact, Colgate-Palmolive lost his first place in the toothpaste market. To compete with Procter and Gamble, CP(Colgate-Palmolive) have used television(new invention at that time)and decided to sponsor some shows so they can regain their market share against PG. In 2006, Colgate-Palmolive has intended to acquire the major part of Toms of Maine, a pioneer in the natural toothpaste maker, for US $100M. Today, Colgate-Palmolive has a number of plants and subsidiaries around the world, more than 200 countries are using Colgate-Palmolive Products. Colgate Palmolive Values Our three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything we do Valuing Colgate People Becoming the Best Place to Work Colgate strategic analysis PEST Analysis: Nowadays, to ensure a sustainable, competitive and successful company, managers and board of executives has to cope and operate within a rigorous macro-environment that is shaped by influences of different factors. These factors can emerge from many sources: The overall economy, population, governmental legislations and regulations, societal values, new technologies. All of these represent relevant factors that can have a gigantic impact on all the decisions the company makes concerning its direction, business model, objectives, strategy and thus, the ability to impact on the companys overall situation. Now that we have understood the importance and the impact that an external environment can have on a businesss situation, its compulsory to sort those factors into categories and assess their importance to the business. After assessing their importance, external factors can be categorized into 4 major assemblies by using the PEST or PESTLE Analysis. (P)olitical Factors The first letter in the acronym refers to Political factors and they are issues that affect the way of doing business. They can be trading policies imposed by the government or the political stability of the country in which business is conducted. Political issues can also be related to taxes and labour laws imposed by the government and labour unions. They can also be regulations directed to maintain a fair competition on honourable basis between rivals in any industry and prevent abusive actions. Moreover, the political factors can also be regulations put by the government to protect the environment in which the company is operating. This type of regulations can for example be linked to pollution issues or standard quality of their products or services that will be directed to their clients. (E)conomical Factors The second letter in the acronym refers to Economical factors and they are subjects related to the overall situation and stage of growth of the economy. These factors need to be taken into consideration for the impact they can have on the operations of a business. Managers need to assess the home economy situation and trends. Furthermore, they need also to keep an eye on changes in taxation of products services. They also need to look at the driving forces of the economy such as the purchasing power of their target market and consumer preferences and also to unemployment and wages levels. If the company is involved in foreign trade, managers have to consider the tariffs and exchange rates as well as the import and export ratios applied in that country. (S)ocio-Cultural Factors The third letter of the acronym refers to Socio-Cultural factors that any company has to consider the point of view of the general public. The publics opinion and attitude toward the companys products is also important because it plays a core role in building the image within the different constituencies. Companies also have to be in permanent contact with the media by writing press releases or opening its doors to build brand image that is known by everybody. Socio-Cultural factors can relate also to issues raised in advertising campaigns and publicity or by participating in major events to show their part of social responsibility. Social factors also include diversity of their work force employed. Companies hire disabled and elderly people to get them integrated within the society. Finally, companies need to respect and take into account ethical issues no to offend any minority in the society. (T)echnological Factors The last letter of the acronym refers to Technological factors. These factors have changed the way businesses operate. By introduction of all these technologies, companies are able to conduct their operations much easily with a better performance. Technology participated in the improvement of many aspects since it was introduced at all levels of the business, from selection process to productivity and research and development. (Jana F. Kuzmicki, 2007) Porters five analysis: Gaining Power of Suppliers One of the five forces which Porter formulated for an organization to look into in order to form a competitive advantage is gaining power of suppliers. The global reach and diverse portfolio of assets attract numerous investors. Colgate-Palmolive and other major competitors are both viewed by investors as home and oral care companies which have considerable positive investment strengths. Most often the comparison is always with PG. Although, Colgate-Palmolive is viewed by many as at par with its competitors, yet, what was lacking in their management is the lack of perceived differentiation which somehow impaired the investment decision-making process. Moreover, even though Colgate-Palmolive has no strategy that is unique or differentiating relative to the other companies, the threat of bargaining power of suppliers is low due to partnership, supply chain management, training, and dependency. Bargaining Power of Customers Customers are the lifeblood of the business. The existence and growth of a business company is dependent on customers. CP (Colgate-Palmolive) is serving globally with 25 million customers a day in over 200, 000 plant around the globe. There is a cohesive loyalty among buyers and sellers of energy in Colgate-Palmolive for several reasons like the attractive incentives and value added, partnering and supply chain management. Moreover, investors and stakeholders expressed their satisfaction on the services offered by the company. Again, this can be reflected on the 2001 case study interview which was recorded verbatim, in which two elements emerged fundamental to the satisfaction of customers technology and its diversified presence. One owns Colgate-Palmolive because of its strong diversified presence and good technology while another one noted that it is because it is cheaper, yet with a high quality of products and high returns over the course of the cycle compared to other major com panies. Moreover, significantly noted were two comments. On one hand, the reasons why many were satisfied with the performance because of its huge asset base, financial and political clout that was why they successfully covered operations in places like China, Russia, and the Middle East. On the other hand, CPs management restructuring that reduced costs focus on profitability, financial discipline and its way for shares repurchase. Threat of New Entrants In the home and oral care industry primarily on the soap and natural products and reserves, the companies management strategy reduced the friction of threat among its new competitors in the business by increasing minimum efficient scales of operations, its cohesive and good status with suppliers/distributors, retaliation tactics, protection of property and establishing a competitive and trustful image to its customers. Moreover, the role of advanced technology set them at par with other entrants in the business. In 2001, technology had differentiated CP from its competitors. Leadership in promising toothpaste from solid to gel technology that delivers new brushing sensations. There reputation was leveraged in order to establish a solid foundation against threats of the new entrants. The leverage of their reputation is build solidly on their total strengths both tangible and intangible like technology, products, adherence to business ethics, code of conduct, and corporate social responsibility that encourages consumers to brand loyalty. Threat of Substitutes The threats of substitutes in which customers switch product references are primarily caused by several external and internal factors. One of the factors in which customers tend to switch their preferences is the price cost of a product. If a product raises its cost value, customers may have a second thought of sticking into as his/her preference; therefore, the tendency is that the shift and switch of preference occurred. Most often, in this kind of business like marketing an energy reserves, the threat of substitution of customers come in the instability of a price. The price cost of a product if it increases due to social and political factors, it stand to be a threat for the company. However, the Colgate-Palmolive good strategy like increasing switching costs, alliances, customer surveys to learn about their preferences, accentuated differences and the entrance of substitute market, these reduced the threat of substitutes. Competitive Rivalry between existing players In any business price competition is significant because it attracts customers, the less you price a product, the more customers you gain, yet, in competitive rivalry, in order to reduce it, avoidance to price competition is necessary in which the Colgate-Palmolive observed. Their competition is not on price but on how to manage strategy that would best leverage a product. CP uses different strategies to market their product and be competitive. Their differentiation and different segmentation of their products set an edge for them, moreover, their healthy communication with competitors contribute positively to the competition. The competition should not be taken personally but a matter of business and professional work. Colgate-Palmolive has a competitive advantage not only due to the facts mentioned above but on the ability of managing the whole process of the business. Good financial management and diversified course of business bring them enormous customers and stakeholders.

The World Consensus GameTM :: Communication Technology Philosophy Papers

The World Consensus GameTM The World Consensus GameTM allows anyone to contribute to the creation of a world consensus on issues that divide people. Participants can look up positions that have been taken on topics that people disagree on and can contribute to the discussion of these topics. Participation is easy to do. Once you identify a question that interests you, a map is provided that shows the positions that have been taken on that question along with definitions of positions. You can examine arguments that have been provided for a position, including the argument judged best by philosophers and the argument favored by the general public, and you can express your judgment on positions and arguments. Finally, you can contribute new positions, new arguments, and criticisms of other individual's arguments. The world consensus game is like a huge symposium of the world's people with you as a participant. The World Consensus GameTM can be used in a classroom setting, a conference setting, by Fax, or by compu ter. Signing in to using the World Consensus GameTM After accessing the World Consensus Game through "Peacegames.com" participants are asked to sign in. This is necessary if participants want to vote or make comments, so that their vote or comments are recorded as the vote of a philosophy student, a professional philosopher, or a member of the general public. Groups can have individuals sign in b according to any identity typed in such as member of an organization, etc. Professional Philosopher Philosophy student Public voting for First Choose an Issue A, B, C A The first thing you do is identify the area you want to examine. Areas include the traditional areas of Philosophy (Moral , Social Philosophy, 1etc..) in addition to issues relating to world order, protection of the environment, and any other types of issues anyone wants to discuss. Just click on the issue that interests you. The current World Consensus Game is problems oriented, but could be redesigned to include a historical perspective. World Order Issues Global Survival Issues Moral Philosophy, Maps, Definitions, Simulation Social Philosophy, Map and Simulations Political Philosophy Map The Criminal Justice System Theory of Knowledge Metaphysics Philosophy of Religion

George bush Essay -- essays research papers

I. INTRODUCTION Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924- ), 41st president of the United States (1989-1993), president at the end of the Cold War between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Bush also organized an unprecedented global alliance against Iraq during the Persian Gulf War of 1991, but he was less successful in dealing with U.S. domestic problems and was defeated after one term by Bill Clinton in the 1992 election. II. EARLY LIFE Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, but grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. His parents came from wealthy Midwestern families. His father, Prescott Bush, a partner in a leading Wall Street law firm, was a Republican U.S. senator from Connecticut between 1952 and 1963. Senator Bush was a moderate Republican and a supporter of President Dwight David Eisenhower. Senator Bush strongly opposed the party's far right wing, represented in the 1950s by U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, who led a campaign against Communist subversion in the United States. Bush's mother, Dorothy Walker, the daughter of a Missouri industrialist, encouraged her children to play sports and learn humility and manners. Bush graduated from Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachusetts, in 1942, and joined the United States Navy to fight in World War II. He became a pilot, flying bombing missions against Japan. On one mission his plane was shot down over the Pacific Ocean. Two crewmen died, but Bush survived unharmed and was rescued by a passing submarine within a few hours. Bush returned to the United States in late 1944. Two weeks later, in early 1945, he married Barbara Pierce, a Greenwich woman whose father was a magazine publisher. The couple had six children: sons George, John, Neil, and Marvin, and daughters Robin and Dorothy. Robin died of leukemia at the age of three. Bush entered Yale University in 1945. He majored in economics, became captain of the varsity baseball team, and graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1948. He moved his young family to west Texas where, helped by his father's business connections, he went into the oil business, working as an equipment clerk. In 1953 Bush cofounded the Zapata Petroleum Corporation, which drilled for oil in the Permian basin in Texas and elsewhere in the West. The next year, he became president of the Zapata Offshore Company, which specialized in offshore... ...te. The Massachusetts governor proved to be a poor campaigner with a weak grasp for what moved voters. By contrast, Bush skillfully reached out to economic and social conservatives, as well as suburban independents and environmentalists. He criticized Dukakis for his refusal to support the saying of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States in schools, accused him of supporting temporary releases called furloughs for violent criminals in overcrowded prisons, and pointed to what Bush argued was Dukakis's poor record in cleaning up polluted Boston harbor. While promising not to impose new taxes, to cut the capital gains tax, and to continue the Reagan defense program, Bush also vowed to oppose gun control and to try to overturn the 1973 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States that affirmed a woman's right to an abortion. Bush won the election easily, attracting 53 percent of the vote and carrying 40 states and 426 electoral votes. He won the entire South, most of the West and made deep inroads in the industrial Midwest. The election left one obstacle for Bush: the Democrats retained solid majorities in both the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate.

Environmental Factors :: essays research papers

Environmental Factors When a person is trying to place his or her seating, you have to acknowledge the four task situations (conversation, cooperation, coaction, and competition). When conversing with another person, you are most likely to sit directly across from each other. An example of conversation is when my roommate and I go eat. We do not sit side by side, unless somebody else is coming to eat with us. The opposite sitting arrangement to conversation is cooperation. During cooperation you are most likely to sit side by side because you are helping and showing each other useful information. Here on campus in the library, student union, lobbies of different departments were you could see cooperation at its best. I will use myself as an example because when I was a freshman and sophomore here at Appalachian State I had to go to study hall and get a tutor because of football. When I was getting tutored my tutor would not sit across the table from me she would sit beside of me because it felt like I was getting more out of the conversation. However, the Intimacy Level between two people helps depend on were you sit. If a couple is very intimate then they are likely to sit side by side. But if a couple is not intimate but friends they will sit across from one another. When my girlfriend and I go out on a date we will sit across from each other. But, when I am at work I see older couples in there forties, sitting next to each other. But a place were Intimacy is not involved is the clubs, because alcohol is involved. Alcohol can increase the intimacy level between two not intimate people. Another reason that makes people decisions are their seating arrangement is Personal and Personality differences. One example that I have seen is leadership. Leadership is seen everyday in our society. The leadership shows who is in charge of the situation at hand. You will see leadership in conferences, groups, meetings, classrooms when decision is involved, and at home at the dinner table. Also another example that I have is people who are extroverts. Extroverts tend to be outgoing, loud, talkable people. I am one of those people. So I see Extroversion everyday, an example is, â€Å"I went to pick up my car from south parking lot. I saw this girl that was so â€Å"fine†.

Providing Free Wi-Fi to New York City

Providing Free Wi-Fi to New York City Defining the Solution: New York City is a city with a large population of people, lots of skyscraping buildings, numerous businesses, and a lack of available free WI-FI service. Today we will be working on developing a way to provide free WI-FI to all of New York City. First we have to look at the reasons, resources needed, and problems which will be on the road to providing such service to New York City. To define the problem a little in depth, we need to find out the necessities needed. 1.There needs to be a study conducted to figure out how a system can be placed in a city that is so rich in life, but cluttered with buildings and minimal available space for equipment installation. 2. The city needs to campaign a project, letting the people know what they are trying to do to bring such service to them. 3. Bring in network companies to provide the service. 4. Chart a project cost budget: i. e. -material cost, man power, and location cost. 5. Sur vey areas where service will be needed most. 6. Survey and gather information from the population on what service provider they use and service plans are used most.This will ensure that there are no network conflicts when the free WI-FI project is completed. 7. Schedule meeting with companies and experts in these technical areas to gather information. This will be information that can be charted or graphed. 8. Analyze all information, graphs, and charts that they have, to see problem areas and solutions to other problem areas. I am expecting that there will be many roadblocks to the road success. There will be many obstacles that will have to be problem and we will overcome these problems.But to develop a way to make WI-FI available to all of New York City will be tough project. It will be a tough project, however with great organization it can be a successful project. I believe with reliable and professional teamwork, it will be available in the future. Generating a Solution: Defin ing the problem for developing a solution to provide free WI-FI for all of New York City has been addressed. We have categorized where the problems lay and discussed what is needed to show the problems that exist. Now that the problems are defined, solutions need to be generated to piece together he problems. In order to generate a solution, a team comprised of technology professionals, state officials, city officials, private and non-profit developer organizations, the voice of the people, and a list of detail equipment needed and the cost of the equipment will need to be brought together as one. First is to assemble a group of broadband and wireless experts, so we can gather possible answers to the defined problem. After getting a starting point, data needs to be portrayed on charts, reports, and diagrams. This information can then be brought to the attention of city and state officials.The voice of the people can be a key to what is being used and what is needed to suit their nee ds for wireless connection. So surveys need to be sent out, public hearing need to be set up, and gather information from wireless companies to see what is being used today by the people. When setting up a public hearing, a panel of expert will be needed to answer the question that the people may have. Also to seek answers the experts will have for the people so they can configure the amount of technology is needed to make the project possible.The roles of the city government and the private and non-profit developers can be a major factor on how and where to start the wireless project. We would need the approval from these groups to have a starting point. Also we would see what resources the city already have and what is needed to included in a report for financial purposes. The financial report is essential to show what is already available for use in the project and what resource is needed plus the cost for the needed equipment. Then a starting location(s) will be needed to begin the project.Possible locations (ie: city parks) for wireless hotspots can be a good starting expansion point. To generate a solution we need: 1. Broadband and Wireless Experts 2. Approval from the City Government 3. Private and Non-Profit Development Organizations 4. State Agency Resources 5. The voice of the people 6. Locations 7. Financial Resources 8. Financial Report of Resource and Equipment Cost The next step is to gather all the possible solution information and analyze the data. Deciding a Course of Action:In generating a solution, we have learned that there are a variety of resources that have to be looked at in order for a solution to be found. We found that a team of technical professionals (ie: wireless carrier companies, IT organizations, and city electrical development department) is needed for wireless development. The voice of the people; to see what wireless carriers are being used, to survey where they use it more, and where they would like to use the wireless serv ice at. State and city officials are needed to help implement the project by vote of approval. Private and non-profit organizations are needed to fund this project.Last is to purchase the equipment for wireless capability. Deciding a course of action for the solution means that we need to take a look at what is at the top of the priority list. At the top of the priority list would be to speak with technical professionals, to see if it is possible to supply the wireless without any possible signal problems to disrupt the use of wireless service. Through this we can generate a list of resources that are needed. After speaking with various technical professionals, we see that location is also a factor when it comes to wireless service.After conducting a grid survey, a decision is made to use local and state parks as areas for project development. Through this detailed reports and charts are made for state and city officials and private and non-profit development organizations to view t he results. Next a survey is sent out to the people to see if the technical professionals and grid survey team studies are correct. As the surveys are collected and read, it is determined that the studies are correct and the parks will be accurate locations for project development. With the completion of the surveys from the people, the information is then added to the project report.In addition to the report, survey charts are created to show the mapped locations for possible WIFI development service. Plus, bar and line charts will show why these locations were chosen, as well as additional charts to show the results of the surveys sent out to the people. Third course of action is to petition to speak with the state and city officials and present the report that can provide the Free WIFI access to the city and its people. By doing this, we can seek approval to start the development and to seek the both private and non-profit development organizations.These development organizations will help finance the development project and make it a reality. After attending numerous meetings with state and city officials, technical professionals, development organizations, and getting the approvals that is needed to start development. The last course of action is to purchase the equipment that will provide the WIFI service. The WIFI project will only give access in state and local park areas, this type of WIFI access service will be considered Hotspots or Hotzones for the free WIFI access. Implementing the Solution:Deciding the course of action has shown what the top priorities are and has helped develop the steps to getting started. Next is to implement the solution to make it a reality. A proposal was submitted to address state officials and local city council about the proposed project development. In turn we received a response from these governing offices that we will be heard on the subject of providing the Wi-Fi service to the city. Before we attend the scheduled d ay, we must overlook the project report and charts, to see that all the information is correct and formal.By going back and double checking everything will help us be more confident when we sell the idea, plus we will be well prepared to answer any questions that may be addressed. After looking over all the charts and the project report, it was noted that a project schedule timeline and a budget chart was not created. So we decided to send out a research team to determine how much time will be needed to complete the project and at what cost. First a Gantt chart is created to show the activity process, along with the months and year that each activity will be taking place.We can also have a visual schedule to see what task is in development and at when the deadline should be. Next is to create a budget list (chart). The chart will show the cost for employment of personnel (salaries& contracted personnel), equipment use (purchased or rented), Travel expenses (if any), technology suppl ies and equipment, and last is to show the projects overhead cost. A budget chart is vital when speaking to government officials and organizations funding the project. The project budget cost can be a factor if we get the funding and/or approval.Now that project report is completed and all the required information is within the report, we are now ready to present it to the government officials. As the day comes and all the important variables are presented to the council of officials, we wait till they discuss the development project. The development project finally receives the approval, which moves the project to the next part of the implement stage. Checking the Gantt chart, we see that we need to employ a development team. This team needs to consist of IT experts and professionals, project managers, and a team of hands on working professional.We also need to purchase all the necessary technological (laptops, desktops, software, and communication devices) and development equipmen t needed to start the project. Next we need to schedule several meeting with the major wireless carriers to introduce to project in development and to try to influence them to be the wireless provider company. In order to choose the right companies to contact, we will schedule a public meeting to speak with NYC residents. By doing this we can see who is the major providers that the public use.Through several public meetings, we find out that AT&T and Verizon is the two providers that are used to most. So we call and schedule a meeting with the board of directors from both companies. Plus we have to schedule the proper flights to get to the corporate offices for these companies. After several physical and telephone conference meetings, both corporate providers agree to be involved in the development and would immediately put together a team to assist our development team in installing the necessary networks that we need. Through this, a change is made on the Gantt chart to include th ese companies and their team.Plus any cost will also include into the budget chart. With all the project resources that is needed for this project have been brought together, the deployment stage of the project needs to be started. Several meetings are set up to introduce all the executives, project management, government officials, and funding organizations. Construction crews and technical personnel need to be hired. Equipment needs to be ordered and purchased before the start of the project. Checking the development location charts, it has been determined that wireless systems need to be placed on high level areas.So checking city maps and blueprints, we choose city skyscrapers that have the high altitude we need. Checking with the buildings management and owners, we started to implement the wireless system construction. As the project goes through the various stages of the development; we consistently monitor the Gantt chart to make sure that the project is on schedule, continue to check for any potential paradigm shifts that can cause a delay, make sure that there is coordination of all tasks and personnel, and evaluate each completed task along the way.Experimental test are conducted throughout the development stages, to make sure that all equipment if properly functioning and compatible with our needs. To avoid any possible setbacks, contingency plans are implemented and alternate plans are made. Any changes to the project must always be reported and charted to keep all departments updated and informed. As we can see, this development project has many variables while implementing any solutions. We have to keep on track during the process and evaluate all solutions as they presented.Evaluate the Solution With the implementation of the project development, we need to consistently evaluate the solution. By doing this we will see: if the solution is logical and solves the real problem, if the solution is (economically, environmentally, politically, and ethn ically) responsible and safe, does it meet all the criteria and constraints, is it blunder-free, have we argued the positive and negative sides of the project, and check the procedure and logic of the arguments.We also have to create an ethics checklist to see if it is legal (will it violate civil law or company policy? ), will it be a win/win situation, will it be fair to all concerned in both the short term and long term, and will I be proud during the development stages and/or conclusion. We also have to remind ourselves about â€Å"purpose†. What is the purpose of why we started this project and what is the purpose of seeing this thru till the end? I see this as a motivation tool to make sure that we maintain the excitement of the project.While we are evaluating the solution, we need to implement a contingency plan for each stage of the development process. This will ensure that there is a back-up plan if we experience a paradigm shift or the project is at a development d own fall. After conducting a thorough evaluation of the solution and development process, we come to the conclusion of the project. By taking the steps to seeing the project through from defining the solution to evaluating the

Love/Hate Othello Essay

In love comes an exponentially vast array of emotions that can all show themselves at one time or another. One of those emotions that comes with love is hatred. Walter Raleigh once said, â€Å"Hatreds are the cinders of affection.† If you can find feelings of hate towards someone you love, it is because you truly love them. This is why Othello has so much hate towards Desdemona in act III. In act III, Iago plants the thought in Othello’s head that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with Cassio. Iago acts reluctant to answer Othello when he asks him if he feels Cassio is trustworthy, but it is all a performance put on to get in Othello’s head. Thoughts race through Othello’s head on why Desdemona would ever cheat on him, bringing out his deepest insecurities. Haply for I am black, And have not those soft parts of conversation That chamberers have; or for I am declined Into the vale of years—yet that’s not much— She’s gone. I am abused, and my relief Must be to loathe her. O curse of marriage, That we can call these delicate creatures ours And not their appetites! I had rather be a toad And live upon the vapor of a dungeon Than keep a corner in the thing I love For others’ uses. Yet ’tis the plague of great ones; Prerogatived are they less than the base. ’Tis destiny unshunnable, like death. (III.iii.267–279) The thought of these self proclaimed â€Å"flaws† makes him bring up feelings of anger and hatred, making him question if Desdemona ever truly loved him or lied to him all along. However, deep down, he still has nothing but love for her. Othello only wants to kill Desdemona and not Cassio because he feels as if she betrayed him. There was never any real relationship between Cassio and Othello aside from the military, so he doesn’t feel the same hatred towards him as with Desdemona. Othello feels that if he is not worthy to be with Desdemona, then nobody is. He loves her so much that he wants her all to himself. Selfish? Yes. Does it mean Othello doesn’t love Desdemona? No, the exact opposite. It is his great love for Desdemona which drives him to do such crazy things and have such insane thoughts. In the end, regardless of his actions, Othello loves Desdemona with all of his heart. Never before this was there any trouble in their marriage, only romantic, gleeful times. This shows that hatred and love can, in fact, coexist. Hatred and love may be polar opposites, but as they say, opposites attract.

Preparing a solution of primary standard Essay

Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to to prepare a solution of primary standard of potassium hydrogenphthalate C8H5O4K, which can be used to standardise water-soluble bases such as sodium hydroxide solution. Formula: n= m/M and c= n/V Theory Many common reagents are supplied in an impure state or they can easily pick up moisture from the atmosphere, or may be supplied as concentrated solutions of an uncertain concentration. As a consequence, solutions made from such substances must be stanardised against a substance of known purity. We call them primary standards. Chemicals à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Potassium hydrogenphthalate (C8H5O4K) Apparatus à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ top loading balance (weighing scale) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ weighing bottle à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volumetric flask Procedure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ We started by weighing 5 g of potassium hydrogenphthalate accurately in a weighing bottle. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I poured the content of the weighing bottle into a beaker and i reweighed the the weighing bottle. I also made sure that no residue of the chemical was left in the weighing bottle. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I added about 100 ml of distilled water to the beaker and stired it until it dissolved the hydrogenphthalate. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I transferred the solution from the beaker to a 250 cm3 voumetric flask. i washed the beaker several times and poured the content into the volumetric flask just to make sure that no residue of the chemical was left in the beaker. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I put in more distilled water in the volumetric flask until the volume was 250 cm3 and mixed it thoroughly. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ I labeled my flask with my initials, date and content. Data Weight of weighing bottle and hydrogenphthalate: 5.964 g Volume of solution: 250 cm3 Calculation mass of weighing bottle and content: 5.96 +_ 0.01g mass of weighing bottle: .96 +_ 0.01 g mass of C8H5O4K :uncertainity : 0.01+0.01= +_0.02 molar mass of potassium hydrogen phtalate: 0.01g/mol molar mass of potassium hydrogenphthalate. 204.286 g/mol +_ .2 +_ .089 % mass of weighing bottle and contents, m1 5.964 g +- .001 mass of weighing bottle, m2 0.962 g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+_ .001 mass of potassium hydrogenphthalate m=m1-m2 5.002 g +_ .002 +_ 0.385% amount of potassium hydrogenphthalate, n= m/M 0.024 moles +_0.475% We also know the volume of the solution to be 25 dm3, so putting all these values in the formula. uncetainty for volume: +_ 0.0005% c = n/V so concentration of potassium hydrogenphthalate c= 0.09612 mol/dm3 % uncertainty :0.00012%+0.475%= .47512% Uncertainty/Error Tap water contains chemicals and other impurities and is not suitable for making up solutions so we should always use distilled water for making solution. i have also noted margin of error of different appratus and all calculations have been made keeping in mind the margin of error.

Food Habits Assignment

Marking Sheet for HSN 101 Food Habits Assignment Criteria| Poor (N)| Fair (P)| Good (C)| Very Good (D)| Excellent (HD)| Mark assigned | | 0-1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | 1. Introduction (total 5 marks)Assignment explanation clear and accurateRelevant background information discussedDescription of aim accurate and appropriate| Additional comments| | 2. Questions to answers about the Food and Diet Questionnaire (Q1-6, total 52 marks)Questions answered appropriately according to instructionsDemonstrates understanding of causes of eating behaviours and their application | 0-25| 26-31| 32-36| 37-41| 42-52| | | Additional comments| | . Questions to answers about the Food Frequency Questionnaire (Q7-11, total 28 marks)Questions answered appropriately according to instructionsJustifies answer appropriately, demonstrating understanding of relevant concepts| 0-13| 14-16| 17-19| 20-22| 23-28| | | Additional comments| | 4. Summary (total 5 marks)Succinct and accurate. | 0-1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | Additional commen ts| | 5.Referencing, Clarity & Presentation (total 10 marks)Clearly written, with correct English spelling/ grammar & subsections following format of questionUse of 5 or more appropriate referencesVancouver style appropriately used in text and reference list Questionnaires filled out accurately and assignment submitted according to instructions Inclusion & adherence to word count. (i. e. 1500 Â ± 10%, only first 1650 words will be marked) | 0-4| 5| 6| 7| 8-10| | | Additional comments| | | Total of above| |No of days overdue| 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Final Mark| Penalty (deducted as % of total value of assignment (100 marks), per faculty policy)| Nil | -10%| -15%| -20%| -25%| -30%| | HSN101 Food: Nutrition, Culture, and Innovation Food Habits Assignment Name: Monelle Mondello Student ID: 213157555 Word Count: Introduction This assignment explores the various factors that influence my eating habits. I currently train four days a week, which involves high-intensity strength training specific to body-building and power lifting.I am also currently trying to achieve a body fat percentage of 14%, therefore I must Food and Diet Questionnaire Questions 1 & 2 in the Food and Diet Questionnaire ask about shopping for food and cooking meals. How would your diet change if your answer to these questions changed? Please explain. I do my own food shopping and cooking as I follow a strict diet plan and prefer to be in control of the types of foods I purchase, as well as the cooking methods.If I was no longer responsible for purchasing and cooking my food, I would no longer be able to adhere to the diet plan I choose to follow, as I would not be able to control the individual amounts of food that are used in each meal, and I would most often not agree with the cooking methods chosen, such as the oils chosen for frying. I also place a large importance on the types of produce I purchase, such as organic produce that supports local farmers and is free from pesticides, as well as free ra nge, organic meats for ethical and health reasons.These beliefs always influence my food purchases and I would be forced to compromise them if others were in charge of my food shopping. If the amount of money you spent on food each week doubled, how would this affect the foods you eat? Please explain. I am currently buying the highest quality of food available to me when possible, therefore even if the cost doubled, I would still purchase the same food. However, there are instances where if I am short on money, I will purchase a regular product instead of organic, such as frozen berries, as the cost difference is significant.Therefore I would be sure to always purchase organic, natural, and biodynamic foods. There would be more spent on fresh herbs and products I use to enhance cooking and flavours, such as cocoa powder and certain spices. Overall, the foods eaten would not differ greatly. Question 7 asks you to rate the importance of many food and eating related behaviours. Pick tw o of the behaviours and explain why you answered the way you did. Select behaviours you rate as either ‘very important’ or ‘not important’. You should use references to show whether your belief was correct or not.I do not consider avoiding saturated fat an important aspect Explain reasons why people may choose a vegetarian diet. Question 9 asks you to rate the importance of various factors in deciding your choice of food when shopping. Pick two of the factors that you rated either ‘not important’ or ‘extremely important’. Please explain your answer. I Look at your answers to questions 11-19. Of the answers you have given, please explain which ONE has the most influence on your diet. For example, does your ethnicity determine the type of food you eat, or you living arrangements, or your age etc.?Please explain your answer. Food Frequency Questionnaire How well do you think the food frequency questionnaire captured your usual dietary intake over the past month? Please explain, giving specific food examples that support your explanation. Do you think people who identify with a culture other than your own living in Australia would have similar eating patterns (i. e. chose similar foods) to you? Please explain. How would the types of food you ate change if you had to grow and prepare all the food you eat?Check the foods you eat often in the food frequency questionnaire to use as examples in your answer. How many serves of vegetables do you usually eat each day (question 4 in the FFQ)? How many serves of fruit do you usually eat each day (question 5 in the FFQ)? Comment on your intake compared with the recommendation for your gender and age group. The most recent national survey in Australia found a daily average intake of 3. 4 serves of vegetables and 1. 1 serves of fruit in adults. How do you think this intake could be increased to meet the recommendations? Summary

Buddhist concept of the nature of things, people, the world, and Essay

Buddhist concept of the nature of things, people, the world, and nirvana - Essay Example During Samsara, living beings continuously face pain and suffering because of the wrong doings of the previous life. As long as a living being continues to commit sins and do bad, it creates reasons for rebirth and thus the cycle continues till self-recognition which ultimately leads to enlightenment and nirvana. In Buddhism rebirth is considered as a continuous process and each subsequent rebirth takes place within one of the five realsms based on the karmas performed by the living being. Naraka being is the worst of all and people who are born as Naraka beings are bound to live in hell during that particular life. Another form of birth is Preta or the ghost-form. Being a human being is considered as the only type of life in which the attainment of final enlightenment and thus Nirvana is possible. Being an animal or a Deva (spirit or angel) are also forms of life which can be achieved after rebirth. Mahayana teachings have presented a sixth form of life after rebirth in which a pers on can be reborn as a demon or titan, this form is called Asura. A formless realm, ‘arupa dhatu’ can only be achieved by the people who can meditate with intense depth (Smith and Novak). The whole concept of Samsara, the cycle of suffering and rebirth is based on Karma is the Sanskrit word for the actions and deeds performed by a person in this world. The future life of the person after rebirth is based on the Karma performed by him during the present life. Buddhism gives a lot of importance to the impact of actions of a person on the surrounding people and environment and thus Karma is referred to those deeds and actions which are intentionally committed and have certain consequences on the individual and the surroundings. A person is supposed to receive a ‘Phala’ or fruit for his Karmas. There is a difference of opinion about Karma in the Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism with the later presenting the strict version of the two (Conze). According to Theravad a Buddhism, a person is responsible for his Karma and will receive reward or punishment for his bad or good Karmas but a Karma once committed is attributed to a person and there is no way in which the punishment can be avoided. However Mahayana presents a softer ideology and according to Mahayana texts, the negativity of bad Karmas can be obliterated by reciting the specific Mantras (McGovern). The reality of life is explained by the Four Noble Truths which were the first teachings of Gautama Buddha. The life of a person always leads to sufferings in one way or the other because of the cravings of living beings which never end. Ending the cravings is the only way in which a living being can put an end to the sufferings and achieve liberation from the circle of life. Ending the carvings and achieving liberation is possible by following the Noble Eightfold Path as guided by Gautama Buddha. The Eightfold Path is based on finding out the actual reality of things which is in most cases d ifferent from the apparent form. A person who wishes to achieve Nirvana should be pure in his intensions, truthful in his dealings and harmless in his actions. By virtue of his existence, a person is bound to commit sins and bad Karma because he cannot control his mind (Keown). Meditation is the only way in which complete mind control can be exercised by making a sincere effort to improve the mindset and thinking. Samadhi is the correct way of meditating with clear consciousness and awareness about the reality of life

Media Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Literacy - Essay Example The article under study is a news article taken from the Daily Star February 12, 2007 issue which is entitled â€Å"The Jet Seat that Spots Terrorists.† There are different points that can be considered essential in the analysis of the article such as the motive of the writer, the credibility of the story and the target audience from whom a reaction and empathy is expected. One of the main points that can be considered evident in the story is the importance given to the effects of the issue related to terrorism. In the title, the word â€Å"terrorists† can obviously be viewed and catch attention. Due to the use of the issue against terrorism, the article can be perceived to present propaganda on the capability of the technology being introduced and presented which is either related to the jet seat feature, the airline company or the cooperation of the airline industry in the fight for terrorism. The latter reason being related to the fact that airlines are commonly the main tool of the terrorists in posing threat to the safety of the population. Another feature of the story is the attractive description of the capabilities of the technology being applied. This can catch the interest and attention of the population since high level technology with prototype features can almost be considered as a fiction and fantasy turned reality for the members of the public. If an ordinary citizen or even a person with a high level of interest in technology would read the news, the first reaction would probably be an expression of excitement due to the continuous development of technology and even a sense of satisfaction since safety can be improved if a need for air travel is undertaken. The features of the said technology is stressed including the sensitivity to movement and sound with less limitation in terms of sensitivity in capturing possible hints of terrorism and other crimes. The exploration of the importance