History of American Education

History of American Education The twentieth century is a century in which major events such as The Great Depression, rights for minority, two world war and rise and fall of radical politics that which shapes a better American society in the present day. One of the advancements that made modern American today would be education and life in American universities. Historian Frederick Rudolph wrote a comprehensive history of American higher education that became one of the standard in the field and published the book titled The American college and Universities. It describes how American education system had shaped over the twentieth century. It explores a wide range of issue from education curriculum, how institutions finance in activities and programs to the education of immigrants, blacks and women. ÂÂ  During twentieth century, American especially teenagers from all walks of life had a one question in mind when comes to the idea of university in the United States which was, What should the American university be? [1]The university idea was a configuration which was far more complex than it seems, it involves financial resources, a wide range of agencies, public and private sectors to shape it. The book mentioned the complexities of college life due to events happening in America and the rise of college athletics. It gave a narrative review from historical bibliography on American college and the author Frederick Rudolphs own perspective on development of higher education in United States. The topic of education in America gave a huge and serious debate to improve to encourage a cohesive environment for all. The author questioned on the consequences have in American college and universities that have developed. He writes as a national educator historian, and he aware of how federal and state policies including religious differences effects on the intitutions.2 From the class material, progressive thinker such as John Dewey mentioned that a comprehensive system of education was important for a democracy nation to be successful. Progressives thinkers believed that it was a necessity for compulsory education and they worked hard to improve and expand education at all levels. These reformers reform numerous aspects of education such as standardization of testing, avoid corporal punishment and emphasized on equal education standard for both genders. They transformed education to be a driving force in modernizing the society and create great leaders regardless of race and gender. College was early recognized as an agency for economic and social mobility for the young adult. It coincides with the beginnings of feminism which one of the main goal was to give equal rights to education for women in United States. The higher education of women was a success. By 1950, there were about half a million women in the college as compared to a mere less than 100,000 back in 1900. It also gave the women to understand and exercise their social responsibilities and importance of voting. A study in 1935 had shown that 62% of women graduated from college voted as compared to less than 50% of women who did not attend higher education. Women were encouraging to take electives that are deemed feminine such as teaching or home economics.[3] However, there were still negative thoughts of women in higher education. An example will be Dean Briggs of Harvard, which he suggested that the movement for collegiate education for women may cause danger in intellectual unrest and deemed wome n will lost their role as a housewives or mother in later life due to high accomplishments. The employment rate of women significant increases with more women got higher education.[4 ]The author did not discuss during the Great Depression period of women education when fathers and husbands resented their wives and daughters to take over breadwinning roles which may be an effect from women getting higher education. From the class material, due to high unemployment rates among the men during Great Depression, there were states laws that which causes 10 million women to be fired from the job and Social Security pension system exclude certain female dominated occupations. This may cause a decline in women enrolled to higher education due to setback and little opportunity to advance during the Great Depression. The higher education main idea during twentieth century for the education of women will be established a college where the dignity of faculties and charm of the highest literary c ulture may be acquired by women without loss to womens crowning glory of grace and gentleness.[5] During the 1920s, American college and universities had discovered something that students cared about passionately due to the rise of American football. To satisfy the students, universities build foot field house that is big enough to handle a football game and creating banners and motto for the football team.[6] It was also a solution to integrate ethnic minorities into a game to ease racial tension. Not only that, football drew a huge enthusiasm among the ladies to support their team as compared to intercollegiate baseball. Inclusive of ethnic minorities into a college team will help in progress of race relation. The author continuing mentioning on how each university fund the American football and the enthusiasm of the ladies comparing American football to gladiators.[7] From the class material, Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play baseball in major leagues since 19th century, resulting numerous ethnic minorities to follow the footstep of Robinson. However, they faced obstacles, such as off-field discrimination and often will not be chosen to play for major matches. Education played a huge role in American society during the mid-twentieth century. After Word War 2, population in United States dramatically increased with a baby boom. In 1944, the American Congress passed the GI bill which provides subsidies for veterans to attend colleges and universities. Millions of veterans took advantage of the opportunity resulting in drastically increased in number of people in college. This resulted in higher education to experience a huge increase in enrollment of students and graduates in the1950s. Frederick Rudolphs bibliography had given me an understand of American higher education from nineteenth century till the twentieth century and how university such as Harvard, Yale or Michigan finance their institute, their policies and the development of curriculum to the ethnic minorities and women and rise of sports in the college. This book gave information of the beginnings of education, complications the higher education institutions had faced and how the how higher education institutions overcome it, be carefully documented using numerous secondary blogography. By narrowing down to history of American education, it really gave a brief idea of how the periods in twentieth century affects the college and university policies and complexities of the students. It could be better categorizing chronological by year and the events happening around United States, to show how America higher education had progress over the years. It will help readers to better understand the progress and materials of the book.ÂÂ   The materials will be better if there were demographic and statistical analyses to connect education history to the social history of America, such as how The Great Depression causes women to lose its employment and education rights. Given the fact that this book was based on numerous secondary bibliographic with inordinate reliance of institutional histories, the author did a splendid work in convincing the readers in important historical perspective on the development of colleges and universities in United States. The author minimizes biasness, cross referencing numerous sources and summarizing history of American higher education in great details. [1] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.357-58. 2 RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.368. [3] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.310-11. [4 ]4 RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.325. [5] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.328. [6] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.374 [7] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.391.

Theme of Death in White Noise Essay examples -- White Noise Don DeLill

White Noise Death is probably the most feared word in the English language. Its undesired uncertainty threatens society’s desire to believe that life never ends. Don DeLillo’s novel White Noise tells the bizarre story of how Jack Gladney and his family illustrate the postmodern ideas of religion, death, and popular culture. The theme of death’s influence over the character mentality, consumer lifestyle, and media manipulation is used often throughout DeLillo’s story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps, the character most responsive to death is Jack Gladney. In fact, he is so consumed by his fear of death that his ordinary thought processes are often interrupted by the question: â€Å"Who will die first† (DeLillo 15)? In Jack’s mind: â€Å"This question comes up from time to time, like where are the car keys† (DeLillo 15). Jack finds the aura of death to be very noticeable and real, and he relies on his consumer lifestyle as an escape from his fear of death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack uses the supermarket as his base for his consumer lifestyle and a place to escape, which is validated by the interpretation of his friend and colleague Murray Siskind. Murray views the supermarket as almost a holy place, an atmosphere with rays and â€Å"white noise† everywhere. It’s full of psychic data†¦.Everything is concealed in symbolism, hidden by veils of mystery and layers of cultural material†¦The large doors slide open, they close unbidden†¦.All the letters and numbers are here, all the colors of the spectrum, all the voices and sounds, all the code words and ceremonial phrases. It is just a question of deciphering, rearranging, peeling off the layers of unspeakability†¦. We don’t have to cling to life artificially, or to death for that matter. We simply walk toward the sliding doors. Waves and radiation. Look how well-lighted the place is. The place is sealed off, self-contained†¦. It is timeless†¦. Here we don’t die, we shop. But the difference is less marked than you think (DeLillo 37-38).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John N. Duvall, author of â€Å"The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo’s White Noise,† believes that â€Å"Murray’s interpretations become Jack’s convictions; Murray’s speculations, Jack’s experiences† (143). Drawing on Murray’s speculation‘s, Jack embraces Murray’s analysis as a truth and uses the supermarket as security, a place where colors and names always in the same place, a place where ... ... profoundly important questions about death, the afterlife, God, worlds and space, yet they exist in an almost Pop Art atmosphere(268).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By treating these false tracts of literature as some sort of god, consumers can escape the reality of death since the content is not in day to day, ordinary life. Death is a fear that has attacked the minds of man since the beginning. For years people have treated death as a unspeakable occurrence, and White Noise shows those desperate attempts through postmodern imagery. According to Don DeLillo, death is an assailant that creeps its way into the subconscious of society but is prevented from tainting the gratification of life by way of the postmodern army- technology. Works Cited Conroy, Mark. â€Å"From Tombstone to Tabloid: Authority Figured in White Noise.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critique 35.2 (1994): 97-110. DeLillo, Don. White Noise. New York: Penguin Books 1999. Duvall, John N. â€Å"The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mediation in DeLillo’s White Noise.† Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  127-153. Maltby, Paul. â€Å"The Romantic Metaphysics of Don DeLillo.† Contemporary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature 37.2 (1996): 258-277.

Green Ox Essay

The new products division of Palmer Jackson, Inc. , a Cincinnati-based food and beverages manufacturer, successfully perfect a technique for dissolving common antioxidants such as Vitamin E and Selenium into high-glucose beverages. As a result a new line of sports beverages with added benefit of antioxidants occur. Palmer Jackson hired AccuityBrand, a brand consultancy specializing in developing product names and logos, to name and develop creative packaging for this new product. The new beverage was named Green Ox, and after a short discussion with management, the name was approved. Now that the name Green Ox was approved by the management Palmer Jackson needed to make several important decisions about the introduction of the new product. Palmer Jackson hired Marketing Studies Incorporated (MSI), a well-respected marketing research firm, to work on this product and to provide some basic competitive intelligence. Management believed the main competitors of Green Ox were recognized sports drinks and some vegetable juices, most particularly V7 and surprisingly strong interest among those who currently purchase antioxidants in pill form. Research conducted by MSI that up to10% of the people who purchased antioxidants in pill form would be interested in obtaining these vitamins and minerals from beverage rather than a pill. The objective of this case is to make a new beverage to compare it to the other old beverages that track record of successful sales in other channels. This is to test whether the new product is more efficient than the others. Where, the Green Ox successfully perfected a technique to dissolve common antioxidants into high-glucose beverage The campaign we want to launch for the new line of products seeks to distinguish â€Å"Green Ox† from its rivals by promoting its antioxidant content. The promotion will be designed, firstly to drive awareness of Green Ox and its key point of differentiation: antioxidants. We will use advertising for education. A website will e created which will five all the information about the products ad their benefits for heath and physical conditioning. Because of antioxidants content, Green Ox is a functional drink that is truly different from its competitors. Palmer Jackson realizes that product, price distribution, and promotion decisions for Green Ox all rely on the decisions they make, that all four of the †P† decisions are tangled and depend on each other. They feel that the place to start is with some notion of how many flavors of Green Ox they should introduce and at what price. The problem exist because of the several social trends that the senior management at Palmer Jackson believed might be important in determining the success and growth potential of Green Ox. Some problems that the company encountered are to decide quickly the segment(s) to target, and how the product would be positioned in the minds of its potential consumers. It also needed to decide how the product would be priced to the retailer as well as how many flavors should be introduced. Complicating matters was management’s keen understanding that all of these decisions depended on each other. Alternative identification and evaluation The company can solve the problem by managing their time in deciding what seems to be the exact target. The company should also be active and responsible enough to know what price and how it will be presentable to the potential consumers. Even in complicated matters the management should be open-minded and they must agree among themselves every decision that they make. These are the advantages of the product: it has more benefits added to their product than the V7 products; it produces new flavor; even though it’s expensive it is worth it; it is also a good alternative for the other sports drinks. We will use advertising for education. A website will be created which will five all the information about the products and their benefits for health and physical conditioning. The whole campaign will emphasize our competitive advantage. Solution Conclusion: Palmer Jackson Inc has developed a new line of sports beverages which have the added benefit of antioxidants. They have developed several elements of their brand strategy with the agency Accuity Brands which is a branding consultancy, where there are marketing strategy specialists. They have also hired Marketing Studies Incorporated, a well-respected marketing research firm, to work with the management team. The most important issue for Palmer Jackson Inc is the positioning and segmentation of their new drink, Green Ox. There are three main competitive markets: Sport Drink, Antioxidant & V7 in which Green Ox will compete for market share.

Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country

During the Holocaust, the  Nazis murdered an estimated six million Jews. These were Jews from across Europe who spoke different languages and had different cultures. Some of them were wealthy and some of them were poor. Some were assimilated and some were Orthodox. What they did have in common was that all of them had at least one Jewish grandparent, which was how the Nazis defined who was Jewish. The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. Most died of starvation, disease, overwork, shooting, or gas. After death, their bodies  were either dumped into a mass grave or cremated.   Never in the history of the world had there been such a large-scale, systematic genocide as that conducted by the Nazis during the Holocaust. Estimating the Holocaust Murders   Because of the vast numbers of Jews murdered, no one is absolutely sure how many died in each camp, but there are good estimates of deaths by the camp. The same is true about estimates per country.   There is no single wartime document that estimates the number of Jewish deaths during the Holocaust. Between 1942 and 1943, the Nazis did attempt to compile statistics for their final solution. One copy of that record  was captured by the U.S. Army in 1945. By late 1943, however, the German and Axis authorities recognized they were losing the war and had no time to continue counting. Instead, they ramped up the number of deaths and began destroying existing records and evidence of previous mass murders. Total estimates used today are based on postwar studies and research of the existing data. New Estimates A study published in 2013 by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, based on a painstaking evaluation of available documents and investigation of 42,000 camps and ghettos, identified that the total number of deaths was almost double the numbers generated shortly after the war.   In addition to at least 7 million Jews killed, the Axis killed around 5.7 million non-Jewish Soviet citizens, around 3 million non-Jewish Soviet prisoners of war, 300,000 Serb citizens, around 250,000 people with disabilities living in institutions, and around 300,000 Roma (Gypsies). Jehovahs Witnesses, homosexuals,  and German political opponents account for at least another 100,000 people.  Estimates of the total number of people who died in the Holocaust now range between 15 and 20 million.   Jews Killed in the Holocaust  by Country The following chart shows the estimated number of Jews killed during the Holocaust by country. Notice that Poland by far lost the largest number (three million), with Russia having lost the second most (one million). The third highest losses were from Hungary (550,000). Notice also that despite the smaller numbers in Slovakia and Greece, for example, they still lost an estimated 80 and 87 percent, respectively, of their pre-war Jewish populations. The totals for all countries show that an estimated 58 percent of all Jews in Europe were killed during the Holocaust. The following  figures are estimates  based on census reports, captured German and Axis archived records, and postwar investigations. These are the numbers according to the latest investigations by ​The U.S. Museum of the Holocaust.    Country Pre-war Jewish Population Estimated Murdered Albania 200 unknown Austria 185,000 65,500 Belgium 90,000 25,000 Bulgaria 50,000 unknown Czechoslovakia 709,000 590,000 Denmark 7,500 80 Estonia 4,500 1,000 France 315,000 74,000 Germany 237,000 165,000 Greece 72,000 69,000 Hungary 825,000 560,000 Italy 100,000 8,000 Latvia 93,500 70,000 Lithuania 153,000 130,000 Luxembourg 4,000 1,200 Netherlands 140,000 100,000 Norway 1,800 760 Poland 3,350,000 3,000,000 Romania 1,070,000 480,000 Soviet Union 3,030,000 1,340,000 Yugoslavia 203,500 164,500 Total: 10,641,800 6,844,040 Sources Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945. Paperback, Reissue edition, Bantam, March 1, 1986. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, February 4, 2019, Washington, DC. Edelheit, Abraham. History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary. 1st Edition, Kindle Edition, Routledge, October 9, 2018. Gutman, Israel (editor). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Hardcover, 1st edition, Macmillan Pub. Co, 1990. Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of European Jews. Student One Volume Edition, Paperback, 1st Ed. edition, Holmes Meier, September 1, 1985. Jewish Losses During the Holocaust: By Country. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, March 27, 2019, Washington, DC. Megargee, Geoffrey (editor). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume I: Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and ... Administration Main Office. Elie Wiesel (Foreward), Kindle Edition, Indiana University Press, May 22, 2009.